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Renal Physiology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Tube mechanism for urine formation (Ludwig)

A
  • Filtration occurs at the glomeruli - BP pushes fluid through the wall of the glomerular capillaries into tubules - fluid carries all components of blood except proteins - part of fluid entering the nephron is re-absorbed by an ‘endosmotic force’ due to presence of protein in peritubular capillary blood
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2
Q

Functional unit - The Nephron

A

Each nephron has its own control centre => 1 million control centres

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3
Q

Composition of urine

A

90-95% water

Other 5%:

  • Metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
  • Ions (Na, K, PO43-, SO42-, Ca, Mg)
  • Toxins, pigments and hormones

Characteristics:

  • Yellow, ammonia odour
  • pH (4.5-8, usually acidic)
  • Specific gravity 1.001 - 1.035
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4
Q

How much CO does the kidney receive

A

20%

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5
Q

What are the 2 hormones the kidney produces

A

EPO

Vit D

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6
Q

7 functions of the kidney

A
  1. Regualtion of body fluid vol
  2. Regulation of osmotic balance
  3. Regulation of electrolyte composition
  4. Regulation of acid-base balance
  5. Regulation of BP
  6. Erythropoiesis
  7. Excretion of waste products & foreign substances
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7
Q

What is the deepest layer of the kidney

A

Renal calyxes & pelvis leading to ureter

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8
Q

What is the nephron composed of

A
  • A real corpsucle
  • Vascular glomerulus within a matrix formed by mesangial cells
  • Epithelial Bowman’s Capsule
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9
Q

What is the structure of the proximal tubule

A

Intermediate segments S1 & S2 in the renal cortex

Straight segment (S3) which enters outer medulla

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10
Q

What is the structure of the loop of Henle

A

Medullary thin descending & thin ascending limbs and a thick ascending limb with outer medullary and cortical segments

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11
Q

What does the cortical diluting segment include

A

Early distal tubule that makes contact with the afferent arteriole at the macula densa cells forming the juxta glomerular apparatus, followed by the cortical distal convolutions and the connecting segment

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12
Q

What segments does the collecting duct have

A
  • Cortical
  • Outer medullary
  • Inner medullary
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of cortical nephrons

A

Superficial (30%)

Midcortical (60%)

Juxtamedullary (10%)

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14
Q

Where are superficial nephrons found

A

Glomerulus in outer cortex and loop of Henle that bends in the outer medulla

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15
Q

Where are midcortical nephrons found (2 types)

A

Glomerulus in mid cortex and short loops that bend in the outer medulla - 10%

Loops of intermediate length that bend at various points in the inner medulla - 50%

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16
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons found

A

Glomeruli in inner cortex next to the medulla and long loops that reach the tip of the papilla

17
Q

What influences the proportion and length of the loops of Henle

A

proportion and length of the long loops of Henle increase in proportion to the urine concentrating capacity of the animal

18
Q

What is special about cells of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule and the Thick Ascending Limb

A
  • high rates of solute transport
  • abundant mitochondria
  • extensive microvilli on the luminal plasma membrane
  • infoldings of the basolateral membrane
  • rich in basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase
19
Q

What is special about cells in S2 segment of the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • Prominent basolateral infoldings
  • Less microvilli and mitochondria than in S1 - consistent with participation of S2 in secretory transport
20
Q

What is special about the cells in S3

A
  • Abundant microvilli
  • basolateral infoldings and mitochondra are LESS prominent than in S1
  • The thin limbs of Henle have flattened cells with no mitochondria and little ATPase activity
21
Q

3 different types of cells in the collecting ducts

A
  1. Principle cells - abundant water channels (aquaporins) & NA/K ATPase
  2. alpha intercalated, mitochondria rich cells with abundant proton ATPases
  3. beta intercalated, mitochondria rich cells with abundant proton ATPases
22
Q

What is the initial step in renal function and how is it carried out

A

Formation of a plasma ultrafiltrate (plasma without cells or proteins) at Bowman’s space through the action of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

23
Q

Where does the ultrafiltrate flow and how is it modified

A

Flows along tubules

Modified by reabsorption (retrieval) of important solutes (sodium, salts, glucose, AAs) and most water from lumen of the tubules back into the peritubular capillary blood

ALSO modified by secretion (addition) of solutes from peritubular capillaries (or from tubule cells) into lumen

24
Q

What do the proximal tubules reabsorb back into the peritubular capillaries

A

2/3 of the Na+ and water & most of the bicarbonate, glucose, AAs filtered & little albumin that may have been filtered at the glomeruli

25
Q

Excretion =

A

Filtration + secretion - reabsorption

Renal Physiology (8 decks)

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