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MSK > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and contrast the anatomical planes

  • transverse
  • coronal/frontal
  • Sagittal
  • median
A

Transverse planes form right angle with the body and split the body into a superior and inferior part

Coronal plane divide the body into posterior and anterior

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right

Median plan is the perfectly balanced Sagittal plane.

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2
Q

Proximal vs distal

A 
Proximal= closer to point of origin
Distal= farther from point of origin
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3
Q

What are sesamoid bones

What is their role

A

They are bones that developed in certain tendons.
They are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs.
Their role is to protect the tendon from wearing down and to change the angle of the tendon as thy pass to their attachment

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4
Q

Explain the primary ossification center. How does it come to be? What comes from this?

A

Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate in order to make the cartilaginous bone model. In the mid region of this cartilaginous bone, the cartilage calcifies which allows for capillaries to begin to grow in the interior. The capillaries initiate the primary ossification center since the bone tissue formed replaces the cartilage.

The diaphysis which is the shaft of the bone ossified from this primary ossification center comes from this.

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5
Q

Explain the secondary ossification center

What comes from this center

A

This ossification center appears in other parts of the developing bone after birth.
Epiphysis is the part of the bone that is ossified from this center.

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6
Q

Explain the relationship between…

  • epiphyses
  • diaphysis
  • metaphysis
  • epiphysial plate
A

Metaphysis is the flared part of the diaphysis nearest the metaphysis. In order to maintain growth the bone made by primary ossification center (diaphysis) does not fuse with the bone made by secondary ossification center (epiphyses). this fusion is prevented by epiphysial plates.

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7
Q

Fibrocartilage vs elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage

A 
Fibro= tough 
Elastic= bendy and can return to original shape and position 
Hyaline= bend but cannot return to original shape and position
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8
Q

What are the three main types of joints

A

Synovial= united by a joint capsule
Cartilaginous joint= united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Fibrous= unified by fibrous joints

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9
Q

Explain the basis of a synovial joint

A

The bones of a synovial joints are united by a joint capsule which is an outer fibrous capsule internally lined by a serous synovial membrane.
Within the joint capsule, there is synovial fluid which is a lubricant secreted by the synovial membrane
Within the capsule, all of the joint bones are covered by an articulate cartilage

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10
Q

Explain plane joints

Example?

A

Permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articulate surfaces. These opposed surfaces are flat
Ex= acromioclavicular joint

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11
Q

Explain hinge joints?

Ex?

A

Permit flexion and extension only since movement occurs in the Sagittal plane around a single axis (uniaxial). The bones of the joint are connected by strong laterally placed ligaments.
Ex: knee

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12
Q

Explain saddle joints

Ex?

A

Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two diffferent plants (biaxial)
Ex= metacarpal joints

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13
Q

Explain condyloid joint

Example?

A

Condyloid joint permit extension/flexion and aDduction/aBduction even though the movement in the Sagittal plane is more free
Ex= knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal joints)

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14
Q

Explain ball and socket joint

Ex?

A

Allows movement in multiple axes and planes (flexion/extension, aDduction/abduction, and internal/external rotation) so this ball and socket joint is multiaxial
Ex: hip

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15
Q

Explain pivot joints

Ex?

A

Pivot joints only permit rotation around a central axis so they are uniaxial.
Ex= C1-C2 joint

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16
Q

Example of fibrous joint type

What determines the amount of movement within a fibrous joint

A

Cranial sutures
The length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones of a fibrous joint determine the amount of movement (positively correlated)

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17
Q

Explain syndesmosis type of fibrous joint

Example

A

This type of fibrous joint unites the bones whit a sheet of fibrous tissues, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane which allows for PARTIAL movement.
Example= radius and ulna are connected by the interosseous membrane

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18
Q

Explain gomphosis

Ex?

A

It is a type of fibrous in which a peg-like process fits into a socket
Example=root of the tooth and the alveolar process of the jaw

19
Q

Synchondrosis vs symphysis (examples

And their significance

A 
Synchondrosis= cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage. This is significant for it may be temporary which can be seen in the epiphysial plate that allows long bones to grow
Example= femur 
Symphysis= cartilaginous joint joined together by fibrocartilage which allows it to resist pulling and bending forces 
Example= body of vertebra
20
Q

Explain the organizational structure (from smallest to largest) of a muscle

A 
Actin and myosin make up the sarcomere
Many sarcomeres make up the myofibrils
Many myofibrils make up the muscle fiber
Many muscle fibers make up the fascicles 
Many fascicles make up the muscle
21
Q

Agonist vs antagonist vs synergist vs fixator of a movement

A

Agonist= main muscle that is responsible (expending the most energy) for producing the specific movement

Antagonist= muscle that opposes the action of the agonist

Synergist= complements the action of the agonist

Fixator= steadies the proximal part of a limb through isometric contraction while movement is occurring in distal parts

22
Q

3 types of muscles

A

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal

23
Q 
Pennate muscles 
(Different types)
A

Pennate muscles are inserted at an angle to a central tendon

Unipennate= muscle fibers are oriented at one fiber angle and are on the same side of the tendon
Bipennate= fibers are on two sides of the tendon
Multi pennate= fibers are oriented at multiple angles

24
Q

Fusiform muscle

A

There is a muscle belly and both ends are connected by tendon

25
Q

Dig Astrid muscle

A

2 muscle bellies separated by a central tendon

26
Q

Multiventral muscle

A

Muscle groups broken up by tendons

6 pack

27
Q

Multicaudal muscle

A

Muscle belly has multiple tendon tails

28
Q

Role of arteries vs veins
What characteristics allow them to perform their role
Compare their vessel walls

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
They have thicker walls since the deal with greater pressure than veins do

Veins take block back to the heart. They have valves to prevent blood from going in the wrong direction. Their vessel walls are more elastic since they don’t deal with arterial pressure.

29
Q

Explain the path of blood circulation based on vessels

A

Blood leaves the heart, goes into arteries, then, arterioles, then capillary bed (to release O2), then venules, then veins, then heart again.

30
Q

What is the role of pulmonary circulation

A

To bring blood to the Lungs for oxygenation

Its role ISNT to supple the lungs with oxygenated blood

31
Q

What are the layers of the artery (from most superficial)

A 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica media 
Elastic lamina 
Tunica intima (basement membrane, subendothelium, endothelium)  
Lumen
32
Q

What are the layers of the veins (from my superficial)

A 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica media 
Elastic lamina 
Tunica intima (basement membrane, subendothelium, endothelium)  
Valve cusp Lumen
33
Q

What is lymph

What is the role of the lymphatic circulation

A

Lymph= surplus tissue fluid

Its role is to take lymph back into venous circulation

34
Q

What are the lymphoid organs

What is their role

A

Spleen, thymus, tonsils

Role is to create, mature, and store lymphocytes

35
Q

What’s the role of ependymal cells (glial)?

A

Produces cerebrospinal fluid

36
Q

What’s the role of microglia?

A

Phagocytic cells

37
Q

What’s the role of astrocytes (glial)?

A

Creates the blood brain barrier

38
Q

What’s the role of oligodendroglia cells

Where

A

Myelinates axons in the Central nervous system

39
Q

What’s the role of Schwann cells

A

Myelinates axons in the PNS

40
Q

What’s the role of Neurolemma cells

A

Myelinates axons of the peripheral nervous system

41
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

42
Q

Nucleus vs ganglion

A

Nucleus= collection of cell bodies in CNS

Ganglion= collection of cell bodies in PNS

43
Q

Explain the organization of a nerve

A

A neuron is myelinated.
A chain of myelinated neurons make up the nerve fiber.
A bundle of nerve fibers= fascicle
A fascicle is wrapped by a perineurium
Many fascicles wrapped by a perineurium are wrapped up be an epineurium which creates the nerve

44
Q

What’s the role of the meninges

Explain the layers of spinal meninges and cranial meninges

A

Meninges= covers the nervous system

Spinal meninges (from most superficial)

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pita mater

Cranial meninges

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • pia mater

MSK (5 decks)

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