Intro Flashcards
Compare and contrast the anatomical planes
- transverse
- coronal/frontal
- Sagittal
- median
Transverse planes form right angle with the body and split the body into a superior and inferior part
Coronal plane divide the body into posterior and anterior
Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right
Median plan is the perfectly balanced Sagittal plane.
Proximal vs distal
Proximal= closer to point of origin Distal= farther from point of origin
What are sesamoid bones
What is their role
They are bones that developed in certain tendons.
They are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs.
Their role is to protect the tendon from wearing down and to change the angle of the tendon as thy pass to their attachment
Explain the primary ossification center. How does it come to be? What comes from this?
Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate in order to make the cartilaginous bone model. In the mid region of this cartilaginous bone, the cartilage calcifies which allows for capillaries to begin to grow in the interior. The capillaries initiate the primary ossification center since the bone tissue formed replaces the cartilage.
The diaphysis which is the shaft of the bone ossified from this primary ossification center comes from this.
Explain the secondary ossification center
What comes from this center
This ossification center appears in other parts of the developing bone after birth.
Epiphysis is the part of the bone that is ossified from this center.
Explain the relationship between…
- epiphyses
- diaphysis
- metaphysis
- epiphysial plate
Metaphysis is the flared part of the diaphysis nearest the metaphysis. In order to maintain growth the bone made by primary ossification center (diaphysis) does not fuse with the bone made by secondary ossification center (epiphyses). this fusion is prevented by epiphysial plates.
Fibrocartilage vs elastic cartilage vs hyaline cartilage
Fibro= tough Elastic= bendy and can return to original shape and position Hyaline= bend but cannot return to original shape and position
What are the three main types of joints
Synovial= united by a joint capsule
Cartilaginous joint= united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Fibrous= unified by fibrous joints
Explain the basis of a synovial joint
The bones of a synovial joints are united by a joint capsule which is an outer fibrous capsule internally lined by a serous synovial membrane.
Within the joint capsule, there is synovial fluid which is a lubricant secreted by the synovial membrane
Within the capsule, all of the joint bones are covered by an articulate cartilage
Explain plane joints
Example?
Permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articulate surfaces. These opposed surfaces are flat
Ex= acromioclavicular joint
Explain hinge joints?
Ex?
Permit flexion and extension only since movement occurs in the Sagittal plane around a single axis (uniaxial). The bones of the joint are connected by strong laterally placed ligaments.
Ex: knee
Explain saddle joints
Ex?
Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two diffferent plants (biaxial)
Ex= metacarpal joints
Explain condyloid joint
Example?
Condyloid joint permit extension/flexion and aDduction/aBduction even though the movement in the Sagittal plane is more free
Ex= knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal joints)
Explain ball and socket joint
Ex?
Allows movement in multiple axes and planes (flexion/extension, aDduction/abduction, and internal/external rotation) so this ball and socket joint is multiaxial
Ex: hip
Explain pivot joints
Ex?
Pivot joints only permit rotation around a central axis so they are uniaxial.
Ex= C1-C2 joint
Example of fibrous joint type
What determines the amount of movement within a fibrous joint
Cranial sutures
The length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones of a fibrous joint determine the amount of movement (positively correlated)
Explain syndesmosis type of fibrous joint
Example
This type of fibrous joint unites the bones whit a sheet of fibrous tissues, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane which allows for PARTIAL movement.
Example= radius and ulna are connected by the interosseous membrane
Explain gomphosis
Ex?
It is a type of fibrous in which a peg-like process fits into a socket
Example=root of the tooth and the alveolar process of the jaw
Synchondrosis vs symphysis (examples
And their significance
Synchondrosis= cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage. This is significant for it may be temporary which can be seen in the epiphysial plate that allows long bones to grow Example= femur
Symphysis= cartilaginous joint joined together by fibrocartilage which allows it to resist pulling and bending forces Example= body of vertebra
Explain the organizational structure (from smallest to largest) of a muscle
Actin and myosin make up the sarcomere Many sarcomeres make up the myofibrils Many myofibrils make up the muscle fiber Many muscle fibers make up the fascicles Many fascicles make up the muscle
Agonist vs antagonist vs synergist vs fixator of a movement
Agonist= main muscle that is responsible (expending the most energy) for producing the specific movement
Antagonist= muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
Synergist= complements the action of the agonist
Fixator= steadies the proximal part of a limb through isometric contraction while movement is occurring in distal parts
3 types of muscles
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Pennate muscles (Different types)
Pennate muscles are inserted at an angle to a central tendon
Unipennate= muscle fibers are oriented at one fiber angle and are on the same side of the tendon
Bipennate= fibers are on two sides of the tendon
Multi pennate= fibers are oriented at multiple angles
Fusiform muscle
There is a muscle belly and both ends are connected by tendon
Dig Astrid muscle
2 muscle bellies separated by a central tendon
Multiventral muscle
Muscle groups broken up by tendons
6 pack
Multicaudal muscle
Muscle belly has multiple tendon tails
Role of arteries vs veins
What characteristics allow them to perform their role
Compare their vessel walls
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
They have thicker walls since the deal with greater pressure than veins do
Veins take block back to the heart. They have valves to prevent blood from going in the wrong direction. Their vessel walls are more elastic since they don’t deal with arterial pressure.
Explain the path of blood circulation based on vessels
Blood leaves the heart, goes into arteries, then, arterioles, then capillary bed (to release O2), then venules, then veins, then heart again.
What is the role of pulmonary circulation
To bring blood to the Lungs for oxygenation
Its role ISNT to supple the lungs with oxygenated blood
What are the layers of the artery (from most superficial)
Tunica adventitia Tunica media Elastic lamina Tunica intima (basement membrane, subendothelium, endothelium) Lumen
What are the layers of the veins (from my superficial)
Tunica adventitia Tunica media Elastic lamina Tunica intima (basement membrane, subendothelium, endothelium) Valve cusp Lumen
What is lymph
What is the role of the lymphatic circulation
Lymph= surplus tissue fluid
Its role is to take lymph back into venous circulation
What are the lymphoid organs
What is their role
Spleen, thymus, tonsils
Role is to create, mature, and store lymphocytes
What’s the role of ependymal cells (glial)?
Produces cerebrospinal fluid
What’s the role of microglia?
Phagocytic cells
What’s the role of astrocytes (glial)?
Creates the blood brain barrier
What’s the role of oligodendroglia cells
Where
Myelinates axons in the Central nervous system
What’s the role of Schwann cells
Myelinates axons in the PNS
What’s the role of Neurolemma cells
Myelinates axons of the peripheral nervous system
What makes up the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Nucleus vs ganglion
Nucleus= collection of cell bodies in CNS
Ganglion= collection of cell bodies in PNS
Explain the organization of a nerve
A neuron is myelinated.
A chain of myelinated neurons make up the nerve fiber.
A bundle of nerve fibers= fascicle
A fascicle is wrapped by a perineurium
Many fascicles wrapped by a perineurium are wrapped up be an epineurium which creates the nerve
What’s the role of the meninges
Explain the layers of spinal meninges and cranial meninges
Meninges= covers the nervous system
Spinal meninges (from most superficial)
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pita mater
Cranial meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- cerebrospinal fluid
- pia mater
