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ph 137 > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is stochastic effect

A

occur BY CHANCE, regardless of TLV

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2
Q

Signif of radioactive materials

A
  • MIXES with air, food, water
  • SIGNIF EXTERNAL sources that may radiate INTO our BODIES
  • DIFFICULT to remove if enter ENVIRONMENT
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3
Q

Radiation?

A

process in which energetic particles travel through medium or space

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4
Q

Types of Radiation

A
  • Ionizing

- Non-ionizing

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5
Q

Ionizing or Non ionizing Radiation:

UV-C

A

Ionizing

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6
Q

T/F Ionizing has more energy than non-ionizing

A

True; kaya non kasi not enough energy to produce IONS

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7
Q

T/F Cosmic waves are examples of non-ionizing radiation

A

F; Ionizing pa rin, natural radioactive material eh;

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8
Q

What is the lower energy limit for ionizing radiation (in keV)

A

> 10 keV

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9
Q

T/F GAMMA rays are ionizing radiation

A

True!

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10
Q

Extremely low-frequency waves are examples of _____

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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11
Q

T/F UV-B and UV-C are ionizing

A

F, UV-B is NON-IONIZING

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12
Q

Radioactive elements contain nucleus that is _________ compared to most elements

A

UNSTABLE; can’t be sustained

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13
Q

RADIATION (Release energy)

A

happens in order for radioactive atom to ATTAIN STABLE STATE

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14
Q

Differentiate PHYSICAL from BIOLOGICAL half-life

A

Physical is the reduction of radioactivity level due SOLELY TO RADIOACT /DECAY/;

Biological- gradual reduction of radioact isotopes by KIDNEY, RESPIR, PERSPI

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15
Q

2 bone seekers with half-life rather long

A

Radium and Strontium!

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16
Q

This is the radioactive half-life for animals and plants in the area; less precise than physical and biological hal-life;

A

Radio-ecological half-life

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17
Q

They have been known to hyper-accumulate radiocesium fro soil

A

Fungi

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18
Q

T/F High or low pressure or temp has no effect on dcay rate of radiisotope

A

True

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19
Q

For radioactive compounds, we have to CALCULATE the biological half-life because the mass of theisotope is usually on the nanogram scale much too small to measure directly

A

TRUE

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20
Q

EFFECTIVE Half-Life is defined as the period of time required to reduce the radioactivity
level of an internal organ or of the whole body to exactly one half its original value due to
___________

A

BOTH ELIMINATION AND DECAY

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21
Q

Formula for Effective half-life

A

1/E=1/P + 1/B

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22
Q

Sources of Radiation types

A 
Naturally-occuring
Man-made
Medical
Industrial
Secondary
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23
Q

Frequent fliers ad people living in higher altitudes are more exposed to this (as a result of interaction bw CERTAIN GASES in earth’s atm and COSMIC RAYS)

A

Cosmogenic NORM

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24
Q

Uranium and Thorium are original terrestrial norm

A

TRUE; along with K-40

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25
Majority of Natural dose from NORM is this type; 1000 microSv per year
Terrestrial
26
T/F Terrestrial NORM does not cause adverse health outcomes
True; | Does not exceed biological exposure index for radiation
27
_________ is ionizing radiation constantly present in nat'l environment
Background radiation
28
Activities that increase exposure of people to Ionizing rad (examples of NORM)
burning coal, fertilizers, oil & gas production
29
T/F Radium and Radon come from what source of radiation
NORM
30
Technically enhanced norm (TeNORM)
radionuclides which have been produced through natural processes BUT CONCENTRATED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY (Build-up)
31
Man-made radioactive materials
in nuclear medicine, biochem, manufacturing and agriculture; BY BOMABARDING ELEMENT w PARTICLE
32
___ most efficient particle
Neutron; no charge, passes thru nucleus
33
Medical sources
Xray machines; Kinetc energy->radiant energy when particle is stopped(by dense materials) Radioisotopes Formation of ions in cells it passes through
34
Industrial sources
extermination of insects; electricity generation nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors (manily relying on splitting/fissionig uranum and plutonium nuclei)
35
Secondary sources
Scatter radiation
36
Ionizing radiation 2 TYPES
Particulate | Electromagnetic
37
Particulate radiation
Alpha, Beta, Neutron radiation | MAY MASS
38
Electromagnetic radiation
No mass and no charge!
39
Alpha particle is identical to nucleus of what element
He!
40
Why is alpha radiation substances only internal hazard
Limited penetration externally (CAN BE SHIELDED BY SKIN,CLOTHES, PAPER) but is completely absorbed into bodily tssues when taken into body
41
Beta radiation
charged particles from atom's nucleus identical to electrons; (N transformed INTO PROTON AND ELECTRON)
42
Beta radiation is only internal hazard;
False! External din, can penetrate dead outer layer of skin and deposit energy in active skin cells
43
Energy of beta rad is ___ | while energy of Alpha rad is
several KeV to 5 MeV; | 1.5-11 MeV
44
Example of beta decay
H-3 To He-3
45
Only natural source of neutrons; nuclear reactor | one fission event can cause chain reaction
SPONTANEOUS FISSION
46
What is best used for shilding vs Netron radiation
Materials containing hydrogen atoms! (PARAFFIN WAX and PLASTIC)
47
PHOTON RADIATION can penetrate deeply and only be reduced in intensity by materials such as ______ or _______
Lead/Steel
48
Example of photon emission
Co-60 to Ni-60
49
What type of electromag rad is widely used to treat most cancers
Photon rad bc it penetrates bodily tissues when source is OUTSIDE body
50
T/F Gamma rad is emitted when nucleus undergoes transition from lower to higher energy state
False; | HIGHER TO LOWER;
51
Gamma rays-Nucleus still has excess energy to get rid off after a decay reaction so ENERGY IS LOST
BY EMITTING PULSE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (mostly cosmic rays)
52
Xrays and gamma similar except
ORIGIN; Gamma in atomic nucleus; Xrays electron interactions
53
X-rays ____ energy compared to Gamma
lower
54
How are xtrays produced
accelerating e- across large potential difference,-----then decelerated quickly in dense, material;; Electrons collide with material-> Some paths deflected-> production of XRAYS
55
Bremsstrahlung radiation resistant material
TUNGSTEN
56
Photon interaction
Photoelectric
57
Explain Photoelectric effect | <100 keV energy
Photon GIVES ALL ENERGY to an electron, which then leaves the atom or molecule The photon ALSO disappears
58
Explain Compton effect (energies | from about 100 keV to approximately 20 MeV)
FOR RADIATION THERAPY; | P&E collide as particles; Photon new direction with reduced energy, electron remainder/extra energy
59
Explain Pair production
most significant when photon energy ABOVE 20 MeV; | Photon disappears, E-P pair appearsl
60
Neutron interaction
Inelastic collision
61
Explain Inelastic collision
NUCLEUS colliding with NEUTRON-- nucleus gets higher energy level; release energy by gamma/beta particle or both
62
Explain NEUTRON CAPTURE/ Radiative capture
An affected nucleus may ABSORB THE NEUTRON and eject energy as gamma or x-rays or beta particles or both • SECONDARY PARTICLES CAUSE IONIZATION
63
Explain Fission
HEAVY nucleus ABSORBS the Neutron and SPLITS into two lighter nuclei that are almost always radioactive RXN gives LARGE amount of energy and emits two or more neutrons, and gamma rays.
64
Explain Fission
HEAVY nucleus ABSORBS the Neutron and SPLITS into two lighter nuclei that are almost always radioactive RXN gives LARGE amount of energy and emits two or more neutrons, and gamma rays.

ph 137 (2 decks)

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