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ph 137 > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is stochastic effect

A

occur BY CHANCE, regardless of TLV

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2
Q

Signif of radioactive materials

A
  • MIXES with air, food, water
  • SIGNIF EXTERNAL sources that may radiate INTO our BODIES
  • DIFFICULT to remove if enter ENVIRONMENT
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3
Q

Radiation?

A

process in which energetic particles travel through medium or space

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4
Q

Types of Radiation

A
  • Ionizing

- Non-ionizing

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5
Q

Ionizing or Non ionizing Radiation:

UV-C

A

Ionizing

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6
Q

T/F Ionizing has more energy than non-ionizing

A

True; kaya non kasi not enough energy to produce IONS

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7
Q

T/F Cosmic waves are examples of non-ionizing radiation

A

F; Ionizing pa rin, natural radioactive material eh;

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8
Q

What is the lower energy limit for ionizing radiation (in keV)

A

> 10 keV

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9
Q

T/F GAMMA rays are ionizing radiation

A

True!

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10
Q

Extremely low-frequency waves are examples of _____

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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11
Q

T/F UV-B and UV-C are ionizing

A

F, UV-B is NON-IONIZING

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12
Q

Radioactive elements contain nucleus that is _________ compared to most elements

A

UNSTABLE; can’t be sustained

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13
Q

RADIATION (Release energy)

A

happens in order for radioactive atom to ATTAIN STABLE STATE

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14
Q

Differentiate PHYSICAL from BIOLOGICAL half-life

A

Physical is the reduction of radioactivity level due SOLELY TO RADIOACT /DECAY/;

Biological- gradual reduction of radioact isotopes by KIDNEY, RESPIR, PERSPI

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15
Q

2 bone seekers with half-life rather long

A

Radium and Strontium!

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16
Q

This is the radioactive half-life for animals and plants in the area; less precise than physical and biological hal-life;

A

Radio-ecological half-life

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17
Q

They have been known to hyper-accumulate radiocesium fro soil

A

Fungi

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18
Q

T/F High or low pressure or temp has no effect on dcay rate of radiisotope

A

True

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19
Q

For radioactive compounds, we have to CALCULATE the biological half-life because the mass of theisotope is usually on the nanogram scale much too small to measure directly

A

TRUE

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20
Q

EFFECTIVE Half-Life is defined as the period of time required to reduce the radioactivity
level of an internal organ or of the whole body to exactly one half its original value due to
___________

A

BOTH ELIMINATION AND DECAY

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21
Q

Formula for Effective half-life

A

1/E=1/P + 1/B

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22
Q

Sources of Radiation types

A 
Naturally-occuring
Man-made
Medical
Industrial
Secondary
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23
Q

Frequent fliers ad people living in higher altitudes are more exposed to this (as a result of interaction bw CERTAIN GASES in earth’s atm and COSMIC RAYS)

A

Cosmogenic NORM

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24
Q

Uranium and Thorium are original terrestrial norm

A

TRUE; along with K-40

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25
Q

Majority of Natural dose from NORM is this type; 1000 microSv per year

A

Terrestrial

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26
Q

T/F Terrestrial NORM does not cause adverse health outcomes

A

True;

Does not exceed biological exposure index for radiation

27
Q

_________ is ionizing radiation constantly present in nat’l environment

A

Background radiation

28
Q

Activities that increase exposure of people to Ionizing rad (examples of NORM)

A

burning coal, fertilizers, oil & gas production

29
Q

T/F Radium and Radon come from what source of radiation

A

NORM

30
Q

Technically enhanced norm (TeNORM)

A

radionuclides which have been produced through natural processes BUT CONCENTRATED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY (Build-up)

31
Q

Man-made radioactive materials

A

in nuclear medicine, biochem, manufacturing and agriculture; BY BOMABARDING ELEMENT w PARTICLE

32
Q

___ most efficient particle

A

Neutron; no charge, passes thru nucleus

33
Q

Medical sources

A

Xray machines;
Kinetc energy->radiant energy when particle is stopped(by dense materials)

Radioisotopes
Formation of ions in cells it passes through

34
Q

Industrial sources

A

extermination of insects;
electricity generation
nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors (manily relying on splitting/fissionig uranum and plutonium nuclei)

35
Q

Secondary sources

A

Scatter radiation

36
Q

Ionizing radiation 2 TYPES

A

Particulate

Electromagnetic

37
Q

Particulate radiation

A

Alpha, Beta, Neutron radiation

MAY MASS

38
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

No mass and no charge!

39
Q

Alpha particle is identical to nucleus of what element

A

He!

40
Q

Why is alpha radiation substances only internal hazard

A

Limited penetration externally (CAN BE SHIELDED BY SKIN,CLOTHES, PAPER) but is completely absorbed into bodily tssues when taken into body

41
Q

Beta radiation

A

charged particles from atom’s nucleus identical to electrons; (N transformed INTO PROTON AND ELECTRON)

42
Q

Beta radiation is only internal hazard;

A

False! External din, can penetrate dead outer layer of skin and deposit energy in active skin cells

43
Q

Energy of beta rad is ___

while energy of Alpha rad is

A

several KeV to 5 MeV;

1.5-11 MeV

44
Q

Example of beta decay

A

H-3 To He-3

45
Q

Only natural source of neutrons; nuclear reactor

one fission event can cause chain reaction

A

SPONTANEOUS FISSION

46
Q

What is best used for shilding vs Netron radiation

A

Materials containing hydrogen atoms! (PARAFFIN WAX and PLASTIC)

47
Q

PHOTON RADIATION can penetrate deeply and only be reduced in intensity by materials such as ______ or _______

A

Lead/Steel

48
Q

Example of photon emission

A

Co-60 to Ni-60

49
Q

What type of electromag rad is widely used to treat most cancers

A

Photon rad bc it penetrates bodily tissues when source is OUTSIDE body

50
Q

T/F Gamma rad is emitted when nucleus undergoes transition from lower to higher energy state

A

False;

HIGHER TO LOWER;

51
Q

Gamma rays-Nucleus still has excess energy to get rid off after a decay reaction so ENERGY IS LOST

A

BY EMITTING PULSE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (mostly cosmic rays)

52
Q

Xrays and gamma similar except

A

ORIGIN;
Gamma in atomic nucleus;
Xrays electron interactions

53
Q

X-rays ____ energy compared to Gamma

A

lower

54
Q

How are xtrays produced

A

accelerating e- across large potential difference,—–then decelerated quickly in dense, material;; Electrons collide with material-> Some paths deflected-> production of XRAYS

55
Q

Bremsstrahlung radiation resistant material

A

TUNGSTEN

56
Q

Photon interaction

A

Photoelectric

57
Q

Explain Photoelectric effect

<100 keV energy

A

Photon GIVES ALL ENERGY to an electron, which then leaves
the atom or molecule
The photon ALSO disappears

58
Q

Explain Compton effect (energies

from about 100 keV to approximately 20 MeV)

A

FOR RADIATION THERAPY;

P&E collide as particles; Photon new direction with reduced energy, electron remainder/extra energy

59
Q

Explain Pair production

A

most significant when photon energy ABOVE 20 MeV;

Photon disappears, E-P pair appearsl

60
Q

Neutron interaction

A

Inelastic collision

61
Q

Explain Inelastic collision

A

NUCLEUS colliding with NEUTRON– nucleus gets higher energy level;
release energy by gamma/beta particle or both

62
Q

Explain NEUTRON CAPTURE/ Radiative capture

A

An affected nucleus may ABSORB THE NEUTRON and eject energy as gamma or x-rays or beta particles or both
• SECONDARY PARTICLES CAUSE IONIZATION

63
Q

Explain Fission

A

HEAVY nucleus ABSORBS the Neutron and SPLITS into two
lighter nuclei that are almost always radioactive

RXN gives LARGE amount of energy and emits two
or more neutrons, and gamma rays.

64
Q

Explain Fission

A

HEAVY nucleus ABSORBS the Neutron and SPLITS into two
lighter nuclei that are almost always radioactive

RXN gives LARGE amount of energy and emits two
or more neutrons, and gamma rays.

ph 137 (2 decks)

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