intro

Question 1

disease =

Answer 1

any state in which the health of an organism is impaired

→ consequence of the failure of homestasis

Question 2

homeostasis =

Answer 2

maintaining appropriate levels of physiological activity regardless of external processes

Question 3

study of biological mechanisms underlying disease processes

identifies molecular/cellular interactions that create disease

Answer 3

pathobiology

Question 4

primary cause of a specific disease

Answer 4

aetiology

Question 5

give an example of aetiology

Answer 5

tuberculosis → caused by airborne transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis → infects lungs

Question 6

series of biological changes that lead to clinically evident disease

Answer 6

pathogenesis (creation of disease)

Question 7

diagnostic evidence of disease

Answer 7

pathology

Question 8

study of distribution + determinates of health and disease in populations

Answer 8

epidemiology

Question 9

genotype + environment =

Answer 9

phenotype

Question 10

what is a risk factor?

Answer 10

can be intrinsic or extrinsic

makes a disease more likely

Question 11

what is an intrinsic risk factor?

Answer 11

biological/genetic predisposition
e.g.BRCA1 gene is predisposition to breast/ovarian cancer

predisposition → intrinsic susceptibility to develop a disease

Question 12

what is an extrinsic risk factor?

Answer 12

variable exposure
exposure → variable contact with extrinsic harmful variant that makes disease more likely
can be physical (trauma, radiation), chemical (toxic, inflammatory), biological (bacteria, virus), nutritional (unbalanced diet)

Question 13

what are the ways pathological changes in biological structure and function can be recognised by?

Answer 13

gross, macroscopic level → organs
light microscopic level → cells / tissues
electron microscope level → cells / organelles
molecular level → DNA, RNA, proteins, hormones

Question 14

proportions that extrinsic and intrinsic factors can contribute to disease risk varies between diseases. give examples.

Answer 14

cystic fibrosis = 100% intrinsic

head injury = 100% extrinsic

Question 15

one disease and one mutation = ___genetic

Answer 15

mono

Question 16

explain how epidemiology and pathobiology are complementary

Answer 16

epidemiology identifies exposures and predispositions and reduce disease burden through public health interventions that REDUCE EXPOSURE

pathobiology identifies how interactions between exposures and predispositions affect health and reduce disease burden through better DIAGNOSIS + TREATMENTS

Question 17

mechanisms of disease pathogenesis are ____, ______, ___________

Answer 17

complex, multifactorial, multistep in vivo processes