Intro

Question 1

Define the following:

• Prenatal period:
• Perinatal period:
• Postnatal period:
• Neonatal period:
• Infancy:
• Childhood:
• Puberty(girls &boys are dif.):
• Adolescence:

Answer 1

A.Prenatal period: the period of gestation that is prior to birth

B. Perinatal period: 22 Weeks gestation to 28 days after birth

C. Postnatal period: after birth

• Neonatal period: up to 1 month after birth
• Infancy: first postnatal year
• Childhood: 12 months to 12-13 years
• Puberty: 10-15 years (girls); 12-17 years (boys)
• Adolescence: 3-4 years post-puberty

Question 2

A clinician might say a pregnancy lasts for how long? what would a patient say?

Answer 2

• 40 weeks
• 9 months

Question 3

To an embryologist, what are the stages of fetal development?

1.

2.

3.

Answer 3

1. preimplantation
2. embryonic
3. fetal stage

Question 4

Describe what happens during the Prenatal weeks:

• Week 1:
• Week 2:
• Week 3:
• Weeks 3-8:
• Week 9 to term:

Answer 4

•Week 1: Preimplantation stage: zygote, morula, blastocyst

•

•Week 2: Inner cell mass forms bilaminar embryo

•

•Week 3: Bilaminar embryo becomes trilaminar embryo

•

•Weeks 3-8: Embryonic period – organogenesis (all organs are made)

•

•Week 9 to term: Fetal period - Growth and differentiation

Question 5

The first 2 weeks after fertilization are the ____ _ ____ period which means?

What is common in this phase?

Answer 5

“all or nothing”

If something goes wrong, the embryo will not survive.

Miscarriages/spontaneous abotions

Question 6

The ______ stage starts at week 3 and goes until week 8, _____ will be formed. This is a _____ period; what does this mean?

Answer 6

• embryonic
• organs
• critical period
• harmful agent of any sort (physical, chemical, radiation) can cause then a major anomally. This is where things can go very wrong.

Question 7

Weeks 9-38 are called the _____ _____. what would happen if an injury were to occur during this time?

Answer 7

• fetal period
• the injury is most likely to produce minor structural defects or functional abnormalities

Question 8

what is Gestational age (GA)?

Answer 8

the age of the embryo/fetus from the presumed first day of the last menstrual period – clinical notion

Question 9

what is Fertilization age?

Which is longer Fertilization age or GA? Why?

Answer 9

The age of the embryo/fetus from the fertilization day – not used as such

GA is approximately 2 weeks longer than the fertilization age because the oocyte is not fertilized until about 2 weeks after the last Menstrual Period (around ovulation time) when gestational age is counted.

Question 10

EDD is what?

What is the Naegele’s rule?

___% of women deliver on their due date while 60-70% deliver within 13 days from their due date. Why the variation?

Answer 10

Expected Delivery Date

• first day of LMP – 3 months +1 year +1 week
• 5%
• different time length of the period prior to ovulation; after ovulation, the period between ovulation and menstruation is fairly constant, at 14 days

Question 11

What is an Abortion? An abortion happens before what time in development?

Answer 11

expulsion/removal of the embryo/fetus from uterus prior to age of viability- does not matter how it happens

22-23 weeks gestation

Question 12

What is a misscarriage?

What is it a synonym for?

What are the majority caused by?

Answer 12

Miscarriage is spontaneous expulsion from uterus of embryo/fetus relatively early (usually < 20 weeks);

synonym = spontaneous abortion

à majority are caused by chromosomal abnormaliti

Question 13

Premature infants are born between stage of _____ and ___ weeks. A majority are caused by ______ _____ of the pregnancy.

What is a still born?

Answer 13

viability (22-23 wks) and 37 weeks

Maternal complications

A baby that is born dead but after 22 wks?

Question 14

what are PGCs?

These are Identified during the ___ week in the ____ ____ and are important for ______. During week 4-6, they migrate to the ____ ____ ___ area. PGCs wil then continue to multiply by _______ during their migration.

Answer 14

Primordial Germ cells

4th

yolk sac

Gametogenesis

future genital ridge

mitosis during their migration

Question 15

After moving to the primitive genital ridge, PGCs stimulate the surrounding ______ to create the ____ ____ ___. The swelling becomes the ______ _____. The PGCs are now called _____ (same cells w/ new name). In females the somatic support cells will become ____ ____ while in males they will become ____ ____ .

Answer 15

• epithelium
• somatic support cells
• Primitive Gonad
• gonocytes
• ovarian follicles (female)
• Sertoli cells (male)

Question 16

Gonocytes will undergo _____. In a female, they will become _____ and they will become ____ in males. The basic chromosomal events of the process are the same in the two sexes afterwards. Both will undergo Several ______ divisions and two _____ divisions. However, the timing of the _______ of germ cells is different in the male and female

Answer 16

• mitosis
• oogonia
• spermatogonia
• mitotic
• meiotic
• maturation

Question 17

•Gonocytes have ____ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ___ chromosomes this makes them _____ cellls. One chromosome from of each pair comes from each parent. There are __ pairs of matching, homologous chromosomes called ______ and two ____ ______ that determine sex of the individual.

Answer 17

• 23
• 46
• diploid
• 22
• autosomes
• sex chromosomes (X&Y)

Question 18

Mature gametes are ____ cells which means they have ___ copy(ies) of each chromosome(s). This is because during _______, the number is _____ by____ during the _____ division.

Answer 18

haploid

1

gemetogenesis

reduced

half

meiotic

Question 19

Describe Gametogenisis. Label the process in each blue box and label the teal box and say if diploid or haploid

Answer 19

Question 20

Oogonias divide by MITOSIS by the ___ week of pregnancy& the number of germ cells in the ovary reaches its max (7 mil); Most of them ________. Surviving cells have entered _______ of ____ ___ and each is tightly enclosed in a ______ ________. By ____, only 700,000 to 2 million oogonias remain and even more degenerate. By puberty, only about ________ remain

Answer 20

• 20
• degenerate
• prophase of meisis 1
• primary follicle
• birth
• 400,000

Question 21

Before birth, all primary oocytes are suspended in _____ of ____ ____ . ____ primary oocytes form after birth

•The primary oocytes remain dormant in the _____ _____ until _____. At puberty, __-___ _____ develop/month, but one is _____. The primary oocyte will _____ in ___ and shortly before _______ completes the first _____ division. It now is a ______ ____ and a ____ ____ that are both _____, but the secondary follicle takes almost all of the _____. At ovulation, the nucleus of the secondary oocyte begins the second _____ division, but progresses only to ______, when division is arrested. If a _____ penetrates the secondary oocyte, the second meiotic division is completed

Answer 21

prophase of meiosis I

No

ovarian follicles until puberty

5-12 follicles

dominant

increase in size

ovulation

meiotic

secondary follicle

polar body

haploid

cytoplasm

meiotic

metaphase

sperm

Question 22

______ inside the embryonic male gonad remain dormant from 6th week until ______ and does not end until _____. 200-300 million sperms are produces per ___. Simpler process that is prone to less errors! The entire spermatogenesis process takes about ___ _____.

Answer 22

• Spermatogonias
• puberty
• death
• day
• 2 months

Question 23

In spermatogenesis, at puberty, _____ will cause _____ ____ differentiate into _____ ______. _______ (which are still PGC’s) resume development and divide several times through _____ to become primary _____ which are ___ cells. The cells are gradually translocated from the basal to the ____ side of the _______ ______ while spermatogenesis takes place. Primary spermatocytes complete, without interruption, ___ _____ divisions to form 2 ___ ____ followed by 4 ______. As they migrate, the spermatids undergo maturation and go through _______ or the differention of the ___ ___.

Answer 23

• testosterone
• sertoli cells
• seminiferous tubules
• spermatogonias
• mitosis
• spermatocytes
• diploid
• luminal
• seminiferous epithelium
• 2 meiotic
• secondary spermocytes
• spermatids
• spermiogenesis
• sperm cell.
  *

Question 24

In the Embryp….

1. Proximal and distal mean?
2. Superior and inferior are equivalent to ____(____) and _____
3. A median plane is ____ section down the _____
4. Anterior and posterior are equivalent to_____ and___

Answer 24

1. close or far away from center
2. Cranial (rostral) and caudal
3. logitudinal,middle
4. Dorsal and ventral