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Path - Haematology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

PLATELETS

What are platelets important for?

Do platelets have a nucleus?

Are they smaller than RBC?

where are they removed?

A

clotting

No

Yes

liver

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2
Q

Leucocytes form granulocytes and agranulocytes - examples of each?

A

Granulocytes - eosinophil, basinophil etc

Agranulocytes - monocytes, lymphocytes

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3
Q

Monocytes increase in response to?

A

Inflammation (form macrophages)

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4
Q

What is pre-cursor to B + T cells?

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Eosinophils increase in response to?

A

Allergic reaction

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6
Q

EPO (growth factor) made from?

What does it stimulate production of?

In response to?

A

Kidney

RBC

Anaemia/hypoxia

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7
Q

TPO (growth factor) made from?

What does it stimulate production of?

In response to?

A

Liver

Platelets

Thrombocytopenia

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8
Q

G-CSF (growth factor) made from?

What does it stimulate production of?

In response to?

A

Endothelium

Granulocytes

Neutropenia

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9
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

What is it?
How is it treated?

A

Immune system destroys platelets - bleeding problems

Tx - TPO mimetics

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10
Q

Name for - Volume % of RBC in blood?

A

Haemotocrit

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11
Q

Cause of Hct low?

Cause of Hct high?

A

Low - anaemia

High - polycythaemia

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12
Q

If dehydrated: low or high Hct and why?

A

High - as low plasma volume so ratio of Hct:plasma is high.

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13
Q

What are young RBC called?

A

Reticulocyte

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14
Q

If anaemia + low reticulocyte production - where is the source of the problem?

A

Bone marrow - anaemia is caused by reduced ability to produce RBC.

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15
Q

Name of cancer of plasma cells?

A

Myeloma

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16
Q

Pneumonic for myeloma effects?

C
R
A
B
I
A 
CRABI 
Hypercalcaemia 
Renal dysfunction 
Anaemia 
Bone problems 
Infections
17
Q

Myelomas produce clonal or polyclonal immunoglobins? How does this affect your immunity?

A

CLonal

Immunity decreases - having loads of one Ig suppresses the rest - ^^infections.

18
Q

How do you detect if someone has clonal or polyclonal Ig’s?

A

Serum protein electrophoresis

Allows you to se if there is an abnormal thick band of one of the Ig’s.

19
Q

Are clonal production of blood cells neoplastic?

A

always

20
Q

How does cytosis differ from clonal?

A

Cytosis - ^^production of group of blood cells instead of one subtype

21
Q

Name for increase in RBC?

Effect on Hb and Hct?

A

polycythaemia

both incresae

22
Q

How does relative differ from absolute polycythaemia?

what can relative polycythaemia be due to?

A

Relative - low plasma volume so ^Hct without a change in RBC -

dehydration and diuretics

23
Q

Primary or secondary absolute polycythaemia more common?

Examples of primary and secondary polycythaemia?

A

secondary

Primary - Cancer
Secondary - Smoking, altitude, COPD, hypoxia

24
Q

Is JAK2 mutated in primary and secondary polycythaemia?

Effect of EPO in both primary and secondary polycythaemia?

A

JAK 2 mutated in primary only.

EPO low in primary and high in secondary.

25
Q

Effect of JAK2 mutation on EPO?

A

JAK2 activates EPO - so mutated results in constant signal to ^RBC.
EPO levels are low as a result because feedback loop is telling bone marrow to chill.

26
Q

Why do obese people get secondary absolute polycythaemia?

A

Obstructive sleep apnea - hypoxia - stimulates EPO.

27
Q

What effect on blood cells can B12/folate deficiency cause?

A

Cytopenia - any type as both are needed for cell lineages.

28
Q

Marrow failure causes follwnig symptoms, whats the name given for following colllection of symptoms :

1) SOB, chest pain, fatigue?
2) bLEEDING?
3) ^infections?

A

1) anaemia
2) thrombocytopenia
3) neutropenia

29
Q

AML + ALL:

1) proliferation of mature/immature cells?
2) differentiated or undifferentiated?
3) marrow failure - Y/N?

A

1) immature
2) undifferentiated
3) yes

30
Q

Whats the name for the genetic marker of CML?
Translocation involving which chromosomes?
Name of mutation?

A

Philadelphia
9–>22
Bcr-Abl mutation

31
Q

How long do platelets survive for?

A

7 days

32
Q

How long do neutrophils survive for?

A

24 hours

Path - Haematology (9 decks)

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