Intro

Question 1

What is the universal energy currency f mammalian cells?

Answer 1

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 2

What are the determinants of whether ATP is produced aerobically or aerobically?

Answer 2

• Oxygen availability
• demand for ATP (amount needed
• timescale of production

Question 3

Do we store ATP and stock pile it?

Answer 3

No we have a small amount of ATP in cells that we try to keep constant by matching production and utilisation rates.

Question 4

What three things do we store instead of ATP, that can be converted on demand to ATP?

Answer 4

Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins to a much lesser extent, only really in extreme circumstances.

Question 5

What type of energy is stored in ATP and how?

Answer 5

Chemical Bon energy in the phophodiesther bond on the third phosphate.

Question 6

What is the main fuel reserve in the body? How and where is it stored?

Answer 6

Fat is stored generally as triglycerol in tissues such as adipose, liver and muscle. It is ~90% of human fuel reserves.

Question 7

What is the advantage of fat as a store?

Answer 7

Lightweight
Excludes water
Concentrated form of biochemical energy

Question 8

What molecule is sued to store carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Glycogen

Question 9

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 9

The liver

Question 10

Which hormone is used when blood glucose is high to lower it and thus increases glycolysis?

Answer 10

Insulin

Question 11

Glucagon is used in what scenario and what effect does it have on glycolysis?

Answer 11

Low blood sugar, halts glycolysis.

Question 12

When are carbohydrate stores utilised in comparison with lipid?

Answer 12

carbohydrates are important in short burst of activity, lipids are a more long term store.

Question 13

How do you hydrolyse macromolecule stores of energy into smaller subunits?

Answer 13

Lipases

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 14

What is the net effect of glycolysis?

Answer 14

Glucose converted to 2 pyruvates
Net gain of 2ATP
2NAD+ are reduced to NADH

Question 15

How are NAD+ stores regenerated in anaerobic tissues?

Answer 15

Oxidation of pyruvate to lactate will convert NADH to NAD+

Question 16

In well oxygenated tissues how is NADH converted back to NAD+?

Answer 16

Respiratory/ electron transport chain

Question 17

How do we make Acetyl-CoA from fat and carbohydrates?

Answer 17

Triglycerol-> Fatty Acid + glycerol
Glycogen -> Glucose
Glucose and Glrycerol are both converted to Pyruvate which is readily oxidised to Acetylene CoA in the mitochondria.
Fatty acids undergo Beta oxidation to remove two Acetyl-CoA in mitochondria.

Question 18

What is the name of the process that metabolises acetyl-CoA ?

Answer 18

Krebs cycle

Question 19

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 19

3NADH

1FADH2

Question 20

The electron transport chain oxidises NADH to NAD+

And FADH2 to FAD, what’s the ATP yield of this reaction?

Answer 20

3ATP and 2ATPs respectively

Question 21

What’s the ATP yeild comparisons between oxidative and anaerobic glucose break down?

Answer 21

Oxidative 36ATP

Glycolysis 2ATP

Question 22

How is ADP made into ATP in the mitochondria?

Answer 22

Proteins diffusing from the inter-membrane space to the matrix travel through ATP synthase which stimulates the enzyme to convert ADP to ATP