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Animal Behavior > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

An ecological and evolutionary approach to the study of behavior

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2
Q

Idealistic view in early 1800’s

A 
Species never change
All variation in the species are defects around one ideal form (essentialism)
Earth is millions of years old
Fossils are only from extinct species
New species are created from scratch
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3
Q

Evolution by natural selection requires:

A

Variation among individuals in
Heritable traits that
Affect the survival or reproduction of the individual

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4
Q

Fitness

A

Relative number of gene copies contributed by the individual to the next generation (reproductive success [# of offspring] relative to the population average)

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

The changes or trait that yield higher reproductive success

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6
Q

Animals practicing maladaptive behavior

A

Hedge sparrow helping cuckoo bird, wood thrush helping cowbird, and the praying mantis

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7
Q

What determines birds’ maladaptive care treatment probability?

A

Likely the presence or lack there of in time difference between the evolution and presence of the invader and the evolution of the bird species being invaded

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8
Q

Eusocial

A

An animal species with an advanced level of social organization

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9
Q

Altruism

A

Self-sacrifice for success of other individuals in group / group

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10
Q

Wynne-Edwards

A

Group-level selection usually trumps individual-selection behavior

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11
Q

G. C. Williams

A

Altruism is theoretically possible but not as effective as individual selection, and true altruism is not real

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12
Q

William Hamilton

A

Helping members in your group indirectly helps fitness

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13
Q

Kin selection

A

A group of natural selection favoring behaviors that increase the fitness of relatives

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14
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Direct fitness + indirect fitness

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15
Q

B and C

A

B is number of extra offspring from help of individual

C is cost of likely number of offspring from expressed altruistic trait

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16
Q

Pathogenesis for ants, bees, and wasps

A

Males created from unfertilized eggs

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17
Q

Jacobus Boomsma

A

Monogamy important for Eusocial creatures in determining effectiveness of this Eusocial altruistic behavior

18
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary tree of species that are derived from a common ancestor

19
Q

Cooperation
Postponed cooperation
Reciprocity

A

A & B helping each other now
A eventually gets B’s resources
B helps A back

20
Q

Maladaptive Altruism
Adaptive Altruism
Spite
Deceit and manipulation

A

Sacrifices made by A to help B
Sacrifices made initially by A to help A later on
A reduces fitness to harm B
A exploits B in ways that benefit A but harm B

21
Q

Primary helper

A

Directly care for relatives rather than go out and find a mate

22
Q

Secondary helper

A

Helping at unrelated nest (area) for their fitness

23
Q

Variables on inclusive fitness

A

Pg. 7

24
Q

By-product hypothesis

A

Ian Jameson; What if genes for maladaptive traits or non-adaptive traits were by-products genes, since they did increase fitness a little bit…

25
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

Helpers are likely those who have a very low ability to reproduce

26
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Females who can asexually reproduce

27
Q

Adaptionist Approach

A

You can’t always tell why a behavior comes about, but you can infer some of the benefits

28
Q

Adaptation

A

Hereditary trait that spreads throughout a population by natural selection and replaces an alternative trait

29
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Similar selective pressures to lead to similar evolution of traits

30
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Shared ancestry, divergent behavior

31
Q

Dilution effect

A

Safety in numbers for prey

32
Q

Selfish herd

A

Even if it would be safer to spread out, their own self interests ask them to stay in the group (kind of still tied to game theory)

33
Q

Optimality theory

A

Of 10 (Lec 5)

34
Q

War of attrition

A

Outlasting the loser

35
Q

Dear enemy effect

A

Once residents know who’s who, fighting occurs less often

36
Q

Conditional strategy

A

One not based on genes, but environmental conditions

37
Q

Runaway selection

A

Sexual selection for traits which can increase fitness of an individual

38
Q

Parental sex bias

A

If one sex or another begins to be more efficient in parenting, then they will be given the task

39
Q

Trivers-Willard Theory

A

A sex bias for those who are parented may occur based on possible success of those offspring

40
Q

Ethology

A

The classic, natural study of animal behavior

Animal Behavior (1 decks)

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