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pharm II exam 2 > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

all nerves coming off of the spinal cord release what neurotransmitter? What receptor is stimulated?

A
  1. Ach
  2. Nicotinic
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2
Q

where and when is epinephrine released

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • in flight/fight response
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3
Q

list the sympathetic neurotransmitters and corresponding receptors

A
  • Ach - M
  • NE - a1, a2, B1
  • D-D1
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4
Q

what is adrenaline

A

epinephrine

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5
Q

Which ANS system, once activated, can give discrete tissue regulation?

A
  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetics are all linked; don’t have sympathetic response in only one part of your body
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6
Q

M1 and M3 receptors act through which G protein

A
  • Gq -> formation of IP3 and DAG and increased intracellular calcium
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7
Q

M2, a2 receptors act through which G protein

A
  • Gi -> decrease cyclic AMP and dephosphorylate Ca2+ channels -> nerves are shut down
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8
Q

Beta receptors act through which G protein

A
  • Gs: stimulate adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP
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9
Q

important shared location of M2 and a2 receptors

A

presynaptic

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10
Q

Which receptor causes the iris circular muscle and ciliar muscle to contract? Response?

A
  • M3
  • miosis, and accomodation to near vision
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11
Q

which adrenergic receptor causes the iris radial muscle to contract? Response?

which adrenergic receptor causes the ciliary muscle to relax? Response?

A
  • iris radial muscle: a1 -> Mydriasis
  • ciliary muscle: B -> decrease in IOP
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12
Q

M2 receptor stimulation has what affect on the heart

A
  • location: SA,AV, and atrial muscles
  • response: decelerates SA node and decreases atrial contractility only -> main affect: decreased HR (not necessarily overall contractility)
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13
Q

where are alpha receptors concentrated

A
  • large veins > resistance arteries (e.g. skin, splanchnic vessels)
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14
Q

Endothelium of blood vessels has what receptor? affect of stimulation?

A
  • M3
  • No innervation; but injection of acetylcholine can cause vasodilation through NO
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15
Q

Which receptors are located on bronchiolar smooth muscle? Response of ativation of each?

A
  • M3: bronchoconstriction
  • B2: bronchodilation: only seen in epinephrine release
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16
Q

which adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of GI smooth muscle walls? GI sphincters?

A
  • GI smooth muscle walls: a2 and B2
  • GI sphincters: a1
17
Q

Which receptor activation are responsible for erection and ejaculation

A
  • erection: M
  • ejaculation: a1
18
Q

which receptor activation is responsible for renin increase

A
  • B1
19
Q

which receptor activation is responsible for lipolysis

A

B3

20
Q

which receptor activation is responsible for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

B2

21
Q

What is the only tissue with a predominant sympathetic tone??

A
  • BV in skin, splanchnic vessels
  • eye, heart, bronchiolar smooth muscle, GI and GU all have predominant parasympathetic tone!
22
Q

role of alpha 2 receptor activiation

A
  • modulate NE release
    • activated a2 causes decreased NE release
23
Q

list the ways in which postsynaptic response can be regulated

A
  1. up or down regulation of receptors
  2. desensitization of receptors
  3. moderate membrane potentials
    • inhibitory post synaptic potential: M2
    • excitatory post synaptic potential: peptides
24
Q

when will baroreceptors fire?

A
  • they are simple stretch receptors
    • stretched more -> fire more
    • stretched less -> fire less
25
Q

explain the baroreceptor pathway

A
  1. carotid sinus and/or aortic arch sense blood volume -> fire of baroreceptor at a certain rate
  2. sensory fibers reaches nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS) in brainstem
  3. inhibitory interneurons, originating on nucleus of tractus solitarius, act on vasomotor center (in medulla oblongata)
  4. sympathetic response is changed accordingly
26
Q

any drug that causes a drop in BP will immediately result in

A

reflex tachycardia (immediate effect)

27
Q

any drug that causes a drop in BP will result in what long term effect

A
  • increase in renin release -> increase in Na+ and H20 retention
28
Q

explain the pathway of baroreceptor firing in parasympathetic response

A
  • baroreceptors synapse directly onto the vagus nerve
  • vagus nerve innervates the SA and AV nodes and atrial muscle
29
Q

explain the baroreceptor pathway with increased arterial blood pressure

A
  1. baroreceptors sense increased stretch in carotid sinus/aortic arch and fire more
  2. baroreceptors synapse onto NTS and the inhibitory neurons act to inhibit the vasomotor center
  3. this causes decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nerves and decreased NE release -> decrease arterial BP
30
Q

explain the baroreceptor pathway with decreased arterial blood pressure

A
  1. baroreceptors sense decreased arterial BP in carotid sinus and aortic arch and fire less
  2. less inhibitory action on the vasomotor center
  3. vasomotor center will fire more frequently and cause increased NE release -> increase in arterial BP

pharm II exam 2 (9 decks)

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