intro

Question 1

features common to both gram positive and negative bacteria

Answer 1

Both have flagellum, pilus, capsule, peptidoglycan layer (large in gram +, small in gram -), cytoplasmic membrane

Question 2

Features unique to gram positive bacteria

Answer 2

teichoic acid and thick peptidoglycan layer. They have a cell wall

Question 3

Features unique to gram neg bacteria

Answer 3

endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane) and thin peptidoglycan layer.

Question 4

function and structure of peptidoglycan layer

Answer 4

sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains. Gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure

Question 5

List the surface antigens for bacteria and their functions

Answer 5

gram pos: cell wall containing teichoic acid. Gram neg: lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin in outer membrane. The surface antigens induce TNF and IL-1

Question 6

Structure/function of bacterial capsule

Answer 6

polysaccharide- protects against phagocytosis

Question 7

function of pilus

Answer 7

Adherence of bacteria to cell surface. Sex pilus forms attachment btw 2 bacteria during conjugation

Question 8

gram stain procedure

Answer 8

heat slide (kill bacteria) > crystal violet > iodine (binds crystal violet to gram + cell wall) > acetone (decolorizer removes stain from gram neg cells) > safranin (counterstain)

Question 9

List gram positive cocci

Answer 9

staphylococcus, streptococcus.

Question 10

list gram positive rods

Answer 10

listeria, clostridium

Question 11

list gram negative cocci

Answer 11

neisseria (gonorrheae and meningitidis), moraxella

Question 12

list gram negative rods

Answer 12

e.coli, pseudomona

Question 13

List non-gram staining cocci

Answer 13

legionella, mycobacteria, spirochetes

Question 14

list non-gram staining rods

Answer 14

rickettsia, mycoplasma, chlamydia

Question 15

list bacteria that cause skin/soft tissue infection

Answer 15

staph aureus, group A strep, Group B strep, clostridium perfringens

Question 16

list bacteria that cause endocarditis

Answer 16

subacute: strep. Viridians, enterococcus. Acute: staph aureus, strep pneumoniae

Question 17

list bacteria that cause enteritis

Answer 17

vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic E. coli

Question 18

bacteria causing colitis

Answer 18

shigella, salmonella, c. jejuni, clostridium difficile

Question 19

bacteria causing pneumonia

Answer 19

strep pneumoniae, h. influenza, moraxella. Atypicals: mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia, legionella pneumophilia, mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 20

bacteria causing meningitis

Answer 20

s. pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, H. influenza, listeria

Question 21

bacteria cuasing intra-abdominal infections

Answer 21

e. coli, klebsiella, anaerobes, enterococcus

Question 22

bacteria causing STDs

Answer 22

n. gonorrhoea, chlamydia trachomatis, treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Question 23

bacteria causing sepsis

Answer 23

Staph aureus, s. pneumoniae, e coli, klebsiella, ps aeruginosa

Question 24

Name the four questions one can ask when evaluating a patient with presumed infectious disease

Answer 24

1. is it infection. 2. where is it. 3. what are the bugs. 4. what are the drugs

Question 25

list lactose fermentering GNR

Answer 25

e coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, Arizona salmonella

Question 26

list non-lactose fermentering GNRs

Answer 26

pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella, shigella, H flu

Question 27

sources of GNRs

Answer 27

intestines, urine, lungs

Question 28

Staph features

Answer 28

Cocci, clusters, catalase positive. S. Aureus is coagulase positive. S. epidermidis is coagulase negative and usually in CNS

Question 29

strep features

Answer 29

cocci, pairs/chains, catalse negative. Beta form is bad.

Question 30

Listeria features

Answer 30

aerobic small rods.

Question 31

Clostridium features

Answer 31

large rods, anaerobic, form spores

Question 32

gram pos vs neg response to drugs

Answer 32

Gram positive are accessible to drugs. Gram negative less accessible due to outer membrane.

Question 33

sources of anaerobes

Answer 33

oral, lungs, intestines, female GU tract

Question 34

List pattern recognition receptors

Answer 34

Surface: TLRs. Cytosolic: NOD, TLR. Extracellular: CD1, LBP

Question 35

What do PRRs recognize

Answer 35

MAMPS: micro-organism associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). DAMPS: damage associated molecular patterns

Question 36

For each TLR list what it recognizes

Answer 36

TLR2 (+ TLR 1 or 6): peptidoglycan/ lipopeptides. TLR3: viral dsRNA. TLR4: bacterial LPS. TLR5: bacterial flagellin. TLR11: uropathigenic bacteria products. TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 (in endosomes): nucleic acids. TLR7 and 8: viral ssRNA

Question 37

causes of non-infectious fevers

Answer 37

cancer, chemicals (drugs), collagen/vascular (lupus, vasculitis), clot, central fever (rare), consider (hyperthermia, thyroid, cholesterol emboli, pheo, sarcoid, MI)

Question 38

Name two bacteria that cause disease every time

Answer 38

measles and ebola