Intro

Question 1

How do sympathetic NS and endocrine system respond to hypoglycemia?

Answer 1

SNS - releases epi, breaking down glycogen
Endocrine:
1. Pituitary releases ACTH, which tells adrenal gland to release cortisol, which facilitates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
2. Glucagon released from alpha cells
3. GH released from pituitary

Question 2

How do sympathetic NS and endocrine system respond to blood volume loss?

Answer 2

SNS - releases epinephrine for vasoconstriction
Endocrine:
1. Pituitary releases ACTH which releases cortisol from adrenal gland which reabsorbs salt and thus water in kidneys
2. Aldosterone released from adrenal cortex
3. ADH released from posterior pituitary

Question 3

Name similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters.

Answer 3

1. Secrete into blood
2. Regulation by electrical potentials
3. Bifunctional molecules like dopamine and epinephrine
4. Co-transcription/translation/secretion

Question 4

How do glycoprotein hormones differ from each other?

Answer 4

All have identical alpha subunit, but different beta subunits.

Question 5

What modification is performed to make steroid hormones?

Answer 5

Hydroxylations on cholesterol

Question 6

What is stored in granules with the hormone until it is ready for release?

Answer 6

Hormone copeptides

Question 7

What is the pathway of synthesis for a hormone?

Answer 7

Preprohormone (w/ signal peptide) => Prohormone => Hormone

Question 8

What are the three types of regulation of hormone secretion?

Answer 8

1. Neural (adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, etc)
2. Chronotropic (oscillating, pulsatile, diurnal, menstrual, seasonal, etc.)
3. Feedback - pathway products inhibit release of more hormone

Question 9

What determines the half-life of the hormone?

Answer 9

Protein binding - the more protein binding, the longer the half life

Question 10

What types of receptor systems contribute to graded response of hormonal interactions?

Answer 10

G-protein coupling, peptide and catecholamine receptors, second messengers

Question 11

How do steroid hormones work? Is the response fast or slow?

Answer 11

Go through membrane, activate transcription of certain genes in nucleus - response is delayed and prolonged

Question 12

What three parts do nuclear receptors classically have?

Answer 12

1. Binds to DNA
2. Binds to hormone
3. Binds to another factor like TF, peptide, etc.