Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How do sympathetic NS and endocrine system respond to hypoglycemia?

A

SNS - releases epi, breaking down glycogen
Endocrine:
1. Pituitary releases ACTH, which tells adrenal gland to release cortisol, which facilitates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
2. Glucagon released from alpha cells
3. GH released from pituitary

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2
Q

How do sympathetic NS and endocrine system respond to blood volume loss?

A

SNS - releases epinephrine for vasoconstriction
Endocrine:
1. Pituitary releases ACTH which releases cortisol from adrenal gland which reabsorbs salt and thus water in kidneys
2. Aldosterone released from adrenal cortex
3. ADH released from posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Name similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters.

A
  1. Secrete into blood
  2. Regulation by electrical potentials
  3. Bifunctional molecules like dopamine and epinephrine
  4. Co-transcription/translation/secretion
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4
Q

How do glycoprotein hormones differ from each other?

A

All have identical alpha subunit, but different beta subunits.

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5
Q

What modification is performed to make steroid hormones?

A

Hydroxylations on cholesterol

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6
Q

What is stored in granules with the hormone until it is ready for release?

A

Hormone copeptides

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7
Q

What is the pathway of synthesis for a hormone?

A

Preprohormone (w/ signal peptide) => Prohormone => Hormone

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8
Q

What are the three types of regulation of hormone secretion?

A
  1. Neural (adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, etc)
  2. Chronotropic (oscillating, pulsatile, diurnal, menstrual, seasonal, etc.)
  3. Feedback - pathway products inhibit release of more hormone
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9
Q

What determines the half-life of the hormone?

A

Protein binding - the more protein binding, the longer the half life

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10
Q

What types of receptor systems contribute to graded response of hormonal interactions?

A

G-protein coupling, peptide and catecholamine receptors, second messengers

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11
Q

How do steroid hormones work? Is the response fast or slow?

A

Go through membrane, activate transcription of certain genes in nucleus - response is delayed and prolonged

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12
Q

What three parts do nuclear receptors classically have?

A
  1. Binds to DNA
  2. Binds to hormone
  3. Binds to another factor like TF, peptide, etc.
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