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Diagnostic Imaging > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How do plain films work?

A

Small dose of radiation passed through body

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2
Q

How many millirentgens are you exposed to with a normal radiograph? Normal exposure to natural sources?

A

200 milliroentgens.

100 milliroentgens per year

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3
Q

How will denser tissue absorb radiation?

A

Denser the tissue, the more it absorbs the radiation

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4
Q

What is decreased opacity called?

A

Lucency

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5
Q

What is increased opacity called?

A

Sclerosis

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6
Q

what object has the most radiodensity? Least radiodensity?

A

Metal-most radiodensity

Air-least

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7
Q

What are plain films best at assessing?

A 
Arthritis
Bony alignment
bone infections
bone CA
Fractures
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8
Q

What are the abc’s of radiographs?

A

Alignment
bone/bone density
cartilage
soft tissue

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9
Q

When checking allignment, is it alright to check one view?

A

NO! You must always check two views.

if possible compare to the other side

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10
Q

What should you notice about the cortical lines?

A

Make sure it is intact throughout

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11
Q

What could a disruption, bulging or buckling of cortical bone be?

A

A fracture.

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12
Q

What does a fracture look like?

A

Tend to appear as lucent lines

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13
Q

How long does it take for a stress fracture to show up?

A

at least 2-3 weeks

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14
Q

What do you look for when assessing cartilage on a plain film?

A

Look at joint space. Should be smooth and distance between bones should be appropriate

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15
Q

Does soft tissue usually show up on plain films?

A

Not usually

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16
Q

How does swelling appear on radiograph?

A

Increased area of swelling will show up cloudy

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17
Q

What two conditions of the soft tissue can show up on radiographs?

A

Heterotrophic ossification and Myositis Ossificans

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18
Q

What is it called when Air or contrast is injected into a joint?

A

Arthrography

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19
Q

What is arthrography used for?

A

Assessing certain internal joint structures

Assessing joint integrity

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20
Q

How long after radiopharmaceuticals are injected is a bone scan taken?

A

3-4 hours

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21
Q

Where does medication concentrate in during a bone scan?

A

Any area of increased metabolic activity. Bladder will always show up black b/c this is where medication is eliminated

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22
Q

What are bone scans good for detecting?

A

Bone cancer/mets
fracture
bone infection
Metabolic disease (Pagets disease)

23
Q

How is the specificity for bone scans?

A

low, as many conditions demonstrate increased uptake

24
Q

What is a CT scanner?

A

Special x-ray equipment used to collect image data from around the body producting cross section of body tissue and organs

25
Q

What color scale is CT based on?

A

grey scale

26
Q

What tissues show up well on CT scans?

A

lung, bone, internal organs and blood vessels

27
Q

How much radiation is a person exposed to with a CT scan?

A

~3x what a person is exposed to from background ratiation

28
Q

How do you view a CT image?

A

Axial images are always displayed as if the patient was supine and the examiner was positioned at the feet and looking up from below

29
Q

How are saggital images reconstructed

A

images are viewed from the left to the right

30
Q

Benefits of CT scans?

A 
Less expensive
more readily available
Good alternatives for those with metallic implants
good for those with claustrophobia
quicker test time
31
Q

What are the limitations of CT scans?

A

MRI is beter for fine details of soft tissue (IV discs, shoulder and knee, tissues with similar make up)
Non displaced fx’s
images are only collected in axial plane

32
Q

What is a myelogram?

A

Injection of contrast dye into subarachnoid space before CT/plain film is taken

33
Q

What are myelograms used to assess?

A

the spinal cord, nerve roots, meninges, cysts

34
Q

How do MRI’s work?

A

Uses radio frequency and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of internal tissue

35
Q

How many imaging sequences are used ?

A

2-6 imaging sequences that take 2-15 minutes each

36
Q

What is T1 weighted imaging?

A

Good anatomical detail
Fluids are dark
bat and bone marrow are bright

37
Q

What is T2 weighted imaging?

A

Good for detecting inflammation
Water, CSF, edema bright
Fat appears darker

38
Q

What type of properties does proton density imaging have?

A

T1 and T2 properties. Little contrast between tissues

39
Q

What is proton density imaging helpful with?

A

Looking at tendon, meniscus, ligament and cartilage

40
Q

What detects occult fx’s the best?

A

STIR (short tau inversion recovery) which are similar to T2 images that emphasize structures that are fluid rich

41
Q

In all MRI’s what a-pear black?

A

Tendons
meniscus
labrum
ligaments

42
Q

Negatives for MRI?

A

cant use if have pacemaker, ferromagnetic implants, metal distorts image
CT better for unstable pts due to length of imaging
doesnt always distinguish btwn edema and tumor

43
Q

What are MRI’s better for? Ultrasound?

A

MRI’s-Joints, bones, scanning across lung fields

US-Muscles, tendons, ligaments, cysts and bursae

44
Q

What are the two types of US transducers?

A

Linear and curvalinear

45
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and depth with ultrasound?

A

Lower the frquency, deeper the sound waves travel

46
Q

Pros/cons of curvalinear transducer?

A

Lower freq. Deeper structures but poorer resolution

47
Q

Pros/cons of linear transducer?

A

higher freq. Not as deep but better resolution

48
Q

How do nerves appear on an US?

A

Honeycomb appearance

49
Q

What is hypoechoic?

A

appears darker on US

50
Q

What is hyperechoic?

A

Appears lighter on US

51
Q

How does muscle tissue appear on US?

A

Hypoechoic

52
Q

How does bone/calcification appear on US?

A

Hyperechoic

53
Q

How do tendons/ligaments appear on US?

A

Hyperechoic

54
Q

How does hyaline cartilage appear on US? Fibrocartilage?

A

Hyaline-hypoechoic

Fibro-hyperechoic

Diagnostic Imaging (2 decks)

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