Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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2
Q

What makes up primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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3
Q

What makes up secondary lymphoid tissue where response takes place?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, diffuse lymphoid tissues (tonsils)

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4
Q

What does humoral immunity consist of?

A

Circulating Abs from programmed cells that will label and/or kill abnormal invaders

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5
Q

What does cellular immunity consist of?

A

Programmed cells directly killing abnormal cells, or producing growth factors (cytokines) to stimulate other cells

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6
Q

What do B lymphocytes do and what percentage of blood lymphocytes do they make up?

A

1) Mediate the humoral response by making antibodies
2) Clonal expansion if stimulated by interleukins from helper T cells
3) differentiate into plasma cells that secrete Abs

10-20%

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7
Q

What two Abs act as receptors on B cells and activate them?

A

IgM and IgD

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8
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Glycoproteins that interact with epitope of an antigen

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9
Q

What is the general structure of an antibody? Be able to draw it (see notes).

A

Y-shaped with heavy and light chains that are connected with disulfide bonds and non-covalent forces

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10
Q

What region of the antibody has the Ag binding site? How many of these sites are there per Ab?

A

Fab region - 2

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11
Q

What region of Ab is constant and determines the Ab class?

A

Fc region

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12
Q

Which Ab is a pentamer that activates complement?

A

IgM

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13
Q

Which Ab activates B cells?

A

IgM

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14
Q

Which Ab is the initial Ab that is expressed during a response?

A

IgM

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15
Q

Which Ab is most common in blood and is a monomer?

A

IgG

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16
Q

Which Ab activates macrophages and neutrophils as well as complement cascades?

A

IgG

17
Q

What is complement?

A

Plasma proteins, proenzymes, create protease cascade- when activated, opsonize pathogens and make the pathogen able to be recognized by phagocytes or for direct lysis

18
Q

What Ab passes from mother to fetus through placenta or breast milk?

A

IgG

19
Q

Which Ab is a dimer or trimer that is secreted in fluids and transported across epithelial layers?

A

IgA

20
Q

Which Ab agglutinates antigen and activates effector cells?

A

IgA

21
Q

Which Ab is bound to protein J?

A

IgA

22
Q

Which monomer Ab binds to mast cells and basophils at its Fc region?

A

IgE

23
Q

Which Ab stimulates release of histamine, heparin, and cytokines to increase vessel permeability so more cells can get to site faster?

A

IgE

24
Q

Which Ab is active in allergies and destruction of parasitic worms?

A

IgE

25
Q

Which Ab is present in extremely small quantities and is not very well understood?

A

IgD

26
Q

What do T lymphocytes do and what % of blood cells are they?

A

Mediate cellular immunity through their T cell receptors when they are stimulated by MHC complex antigens.

27
Q

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do? What molecular marker do they have? What MHC complex do they recognize?

A

Induce programmed cell death or lysis and undergo clonal expansion

They are CD8+ and recognize MHC-I Ag presenters

28
Q

What do helper T lymphocytes do? What molecular marker do they have and what MHC complex do they recognize?

A

Secrete cytokines to stimulate other immune cells and undergo clonal expansion.

They are CD4+ and recognize MHC-II Ag presenters

29
Q

What do regulatory T cells do? What molecular markers do they have?

A

Permit tolerance to self-antigens and are capable of suppressing the immune response

They are CD4+ and CD25+

30
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do? What percentage of lymphocytes in blood do they make up?

A

Kill viral infected cells and tumor cells in a nonspecific/innate manner (no MHC class presentation) - release perforins to lyse cells or induce apoptosis

10-15%

31
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose material coated with IgG, IgM, and complement

32
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytose bacteria coated with IgG and IgM

33
Q

What do mast cells and basophils do?

A

Release histamine, heparin, and chemotactic agents when activated with specific Ag

34
Q

What do all nucleated cells present peptides with that allows them to be sampled by cytotoxic T cells?

A

MHC I

35
Q

How do macrophages and B lymphocytes present antigens?

A

Present to helper T cells via MHC-II

Dendritic cells/Langerhans cells - in skin - can stimulate naive T cells

Follicular dendritic cells - in lymph nodes

36
Q

What are Langerhans cells? Where do they present Ag?

A

APCs/dendritic cells in skin that can stimulate naive T cells. Present in lymph nodes.

37
Q

What are follicular dendritic cells? Where do they exist?

A

Different class that does not process Ag - only binds

Present in lymph nodes