Intro Flashcards
the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
cognitive psychology
mental shortcuts we use to remember information
heuristics
a developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange of ideas
dialectic
the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis
rationalist
evidence is obtained through experience and observation
empiricist
rene descartes: ____:: john locke: _____
rationalist, empiricist
german philosopher who synthesized descartes and locke’s views
immanuel kant
seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components
structuralism
__ was a german psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism
wilhelm wundt
method in structuralism which is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking process with the aim of looking at the elementary components of an object or process
introspection
the introduction of introspection as an experimental method was an important change in the field because the main emphasis in the study of the mind ___
shifted from a rationalist approach to the empiricist approach of observing behavior
one of wundt’s followers
edward titchener
seeks to understand what ppl do and why they do it. focus is on processes of thought than content
functionalism
functionalist are interested in the ___ of their research
practical application
believes that knowledge is validated by its usefulness
pragmatism
the leader that guided functionalism to pragmatism
william james
examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
associationism
associating things that tend to occur together at the same time
contiguity
associating things with similar features or properties
similarity
associating things that show polarities
contrast
the first experimenter to apply associationist principle sytematically
hermann ebbinghaus
the conscious repetition of material to be learned
rehearsal
what can frequent repetition/rehearsal do?
fix mental associations more firmly in memory
held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations
edward lee thorndike
a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response
law of effect
focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli
behaviorism
nobel prize-winner that studied involuntary behavior of this sort
ivan pavlov
effective conditioning requires __ on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
contingency
the “father” of radical behaviorism
john watson
believed that all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the environment
b.f. skinner
strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcements (rewards) or punishments
operant conditioning
criticisms of behaviorism
did not account well for complex mental activities
sometimes viewed as a forefather of modern cognitive psychology
edward tolman
tolman believed that all behavior is ____
directed towards a goal
we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured whole
gestalt psychology
the belief that most human behavior explains how people think
cognitivism
challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual
karl spencer lashley
lashley considered the brain to be an ___
active, dynamic organizer of behavior
donald hebb proposed the concept of ___ as the basis for learning in the brain
cell assemblies
judges whether a computer program’s output was indistinguishable from the output of humans
turing test
the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning
intelligence
intelligence involves…
the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment
three-stratum model of intelligence
I: specific abilities
II: broad abilities (fluid and crystallized)
III: general intelligence (g)
intelligence consists of creative, analytical, and practical abilities
sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
