Intro Flashcards
Objectivity
sticking to the facts
Journalist
are the fourth estate (Called the press, the only people that can keep the courts in check)
Milkovich v. the Lorain Journal
is a landmark case from 1990 that dealt with issues of defamation and free speech.
Defamtion ( when someone says something false about another person that hurts their reputation)
coach lied
This case clarified that the distinction between opinion and fact is important in defamation cases,
Epistemology
study of human knowledge
Sensationalism
the reporting of a single, shocking event without wider significance
Law of Identity
a basic idea that helps us understand how things are defined and categorized.
A Is A
Context
builds on lead
details
One idea per paragraph: quotes, sources, data
Descending order of importance
Benjamin Harris (3 things he did)
he told the Truth, he would print a correction, name sources
What are the 3 revolutions of communications?
(Writing) Scribel, Printing Press, Electronic Age
What was Zenger on trial for?
Liberal
How long did it take illegal immigrants to gain citizenship in 1790?
5-14 years
Alien and Sedition Act (Class definition)
If you are not a citizen, the rights of the constitution doesn’t apply to you
Who makes the Libel Laws?
The states
What paper started doing police blotters in 1835?
New York Sun
among, between
Among is used for three or more people. Between is used for two people.
the hartford courant
to deliver the truth every day
Trail of Zenger result
Zenger was charged with liberal
accused of publishing statements that incite a rebellion against the Goverment as a result Found him not gulity established the precedent that publishing the truth about public officials could not be considered a crime
Liberal
refers to a viewpoint that supports progressive ideas and social change.
AP VS walker
extended the actual malice test.
Malice test
The malice test checks if someone acted with intent to harm.
gross negligence
to a serious failure to adhere to professional standards of care and accuracy, resulting in harm or misinformation.
abbreviations and acronyms
A few universally recognized abbreviations are required in some circumstances. Some others are acceptable depending on the context. But in general, avoid alphabet soup. Do not use abbreviations or acronyms that the reader would not quickly recognize.
Abbreviations and most acronyms should be avoided in headlines.
An acronym is a word formed from the first letter or letters of a series of words: laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). An abbreviation is not an acronym.
Use the abbreviations A.D., B.C., a.m., p.m., No., and certain months(Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.,) when used with the days of the month. If there is no number, then spell out the word.
Abbreviate avenue, boulevard, and street only
Be careful when using caps and periods. Some abbreviations don’t use caps or periods. If you are unsure, just spell out the word
because, since
use “because” for clear, direct reasons and “since” for more complex reasoning
addresses
Use the abbreviations Ave., Blvd. and St. only with a numbered address: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. Spell them out and capitalize when part of a formal street name without a number: Pennsylvania Avenue. Lowercase and spell out when used alone or with more than one street name: Massachusetts and Pennsylvania avenues.
All similar words (alley, drive, road, terrace, etc.) always are spelled out. Capitalize them when part of a formal name without a number; lowercase when used alone or with two or more names.
Always use figures for an address number: 9 Morningside Circle.
Spell out and capitalize First through Ninth when used as street names; use figures for 10th and above: 7 Fifth Ave., 100 21st St.
Abbreviate compass points used to indicate directional ends of a street or quadrants of a city in a numbered address: 222 E. 42nd St., 562 W. 43rd St., 600 K St. NW. Do not abbreviate if the number is omitted: East 42nd Street, West 43rd Street, K Street Northwest. No periods in quadrant abbreviations NW, SE unless customary locally.
See highway designations.
Use periods in the abbreviation P.O. for P.O. Box numbers.
See numerals.
Cents
Spell out the word cents and lowercase, using numerals for amounts less than a dollar: 5 cents, 12 cents. Use the $ sign and decimal system for larger amounts: $1.01, $2.50
courtesy titles
In general, do not use courtesy titles except in direct quotations. When it is necessary to distinguish between two people who use the same last name, as in married couples or brothers and sisters, use the first and last name
Who represented Zenger?
Andrew Hamilton
Affect and effect
Affect to influence or make a change in something.
effect: The result or outcome of a change.
Libel law
the publication of false statements that damage someone’s reputation.
First amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Journalism
objective re-creation of Reality in Context
Five w and h
why, who, where, what, when, how
When was the first newspaper released?
1690
What year was the John Peter Zenger trial?
1735
Who made the paper and what year?
James Franklin; 1721
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
What was Ben Franklin’s pen name?
Silence Dogood
When did the first printing press come to the colonies?
1638
What were the punishments when immigrants got arrested in 1790?
Deportation, 5 years in jail, or a $5,000 fine
Where did most publishers work in London in the 1830s?
Fleet Street
Gender Neutral language
In general, use terms that can apply to any gender. Such language aims to treat people equally and is inclusive of people whose gender identity is not strictly male or female.
Actual Malice
The reckless disregard for the truth
Burglary vs larceny
Burglary- illegal entry, larceny- theft
