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Biostat > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

commonly referred to as the foundation of public health. study of scientific method of problem solving that helps “disease detectives” understand how people get sick and die, who gets and dies, and how to avoid getting sick.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

study of distribution and determinants of health related stated or events in human populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

Greek words:

A

epi - among
demos - the people
logos - suffix meaning: the study of

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4
Q

greek words of epidemiology literally refers to the

A

“study among the people”

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5
Q

Epidemiology is important in:

A

Public Health
Disease Prevention
Resource Allocation
Describe healthy and unhealthy population
Establish risk favtors
Determine health of community

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6
Q

informs policy and health practices plays an important role in meeting public health objectives aimed at promoting physical, mental, and social well-being in the population.

A

Public Health

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7
Q

Describe the extent of disease in a population and the natural history

A

Public Health

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8
Q

Describe disease occurrence
Identifies the cause of disease

A

Public Health

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9
Q

identifies risk factors and preventive measures; findings contribute to preventing and controlling disease,
injury, disability, and death

A

Disease Prevention

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10
Q

guides healthcare resources and interventions

A

Resource Allocation

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11
Q

measure the status of population at a given
point in time and compare the results

A

Survey

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12
Q

types of risk factors

A

Nonmodifiable
Modifiable

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13
Q

ex. of nonmodifiable risk factors

A

sex, age

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14
Q

ex. of modifiable

A

behavior or lifestyle

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15
Q

how can epidemiology determine the health of a community

A

By counting the number of people with specific diseases or poor health habits in an area

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16
Q

Specialties in Epidemiology

A

Chronic disease
Behavioral
Environmental
Forensic
Genetic
Infectious disease
Injury
Perinatal
Reproductive health
Social epidemiology
Violence

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17
Q

Studies the occurrence and risk factors for disease such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes that are slow to develop but span many years

A

Chronic disease

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18
Q

Studies lifestyle factors that may be associated with disease status; examples include smoking, lack of physical activity, poor diet

A

Behavioral

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19
Q

Studies the effect of the environment to human health

A

Environmental

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20
Q

Studies the joint integration of law enforvement functions and public health in criminal context
(bioterrorism)

A

Forensic

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21
Q

Studies the role of genetics in disease development, can include infectious or chronic disorder

A

genetic

22
Q

studies diseases that are acute and contagious; can include long-lasting diseases that are transmissible

A

Infectious diseases

23
Q

Studies the distribution and risk factors for injuries, either accidental or intentional

A

Injury

24
Q

Studies health problems of newborns

A

Perinatal

25
Q

Studies the normal reproductive processes and problems that can occur, including infertility, birth defects, and low birth weight

A

Reproductive health

26
Q

Studies the effect of community socioeconomic factors on health

A

Social epidemiology

27
Q

The science of epidemiology is designed to describe the health status of a population to________ , and to serve as a basis to develop prevention and control programs

A

explain the etiology

28
Q

Rigorous set of rules to conduct epidemiologic research

A

Scientific Method

29
Q

statement based on sound biological theory that can be tested

A

Hypothesis

30
Q

it is stated as if there will be NO relationship between the study factors and the outcome

A

Null hypothesis

31
Q

true or false: epidemiology involves sound methods of scientific investigation

A

true

32
Q

draw on statistical techniques for describing data and evaluating hypotheses, biological principles, and causal theory

A

Descriptive and analytical methods

33
Q

characterization of the distribution of health-related states or events

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

34
Q

Investigates causes and associations, testing hypotheses, and identifying causes of health- related states or events.

A

Analytical Epidemiology

35
Q

Ex of analytical epidemiology

A

cohort studies, case-control studies)

36
Q

The Father of Medicine and the First Epidemiologist; used epidemiology principles to understand disease occurrence

A

HIPPOCRATES (460-377 BC)

37
Q

First Epidemiologist; Contributed the idea of observation and the terms “epidemic” and “endemic”

A

HIPPOCRATES (460-377 BC)

38
Q

normal occurrence of disease in a population

A

ENDEMIC

39
Q

Upper end of that normal range

A

Epidemic threshold

40
Q

refers to a disease or condition that affects a greater than expected number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time.

A

EPIDEMIC

41
Q

geographically widespread epidemic that occurs in more than one continent

A

PANDEMIC

42
Q

ex. of PANDEMIC

A

Plague of Athens, Plague in china spread to Italy, Spanish flu

43
Q

Developed a vaccine against small pox using cow poxr

A

Edward Jenner

44
Q

Developed a vaccine against small pox using cow poxr

A

Edward Jenner

45
Q

described the association between dirty water and cholera

A

John Snow

46
Q

Described the association between childbed fever, a life-threatening infection contracted by a woman during or shortly a er childbirth, and physicians’unclean hands discovered that handwashing standards in obstetrical clinics could reduce the incidence of puerperal fever

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

47
Q

Described the association between childbed fever, a life-threatening infection contracted by a woman during or shortly a er childbirth, and physicians’unclean hands discovered that handwashing standards in obstetrical clinics could reduce the incidence of puerperal fever

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

48
Q

Conducted an experiment showing that scurvy can be treated and prevented with limes, lemons and oranges

A

James Lind

49
Q

proved that pellagra is not infectious but nutritional in origin and could be prevented by increasing amount of animal products in the diet.

A

Joseph Goldberger

50
Q

Personalities:

A

Edward Jenner
John Snow
Ignaz Semmelweis
James Lind
Joseph Goldberger

51
Q

Steps to conduct epidemiologic research:

A

Determine primary agent
Understand causation
Determine characteristics
Mode of transmission
Determine contributing factors
Asses geographic factors
Define natural history
Determine control measures
Determine prevention
Plan health services
Determine hypothesis

Biostat (1 decks)

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