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surveying > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

the art and science of civil engineering that determines the relative (comparable) position of points on, above or beneath the surface of the Earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances, angles, elevations and taking the details of these points and by preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale

A

Surveying

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2
Q

two functions of surveying

A

-to determine the existing relative horizontal and vertical position such as that used for the process of mapping
-* The establishment of marks to control construction or to indicate land boundaries.

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3
Q

main objective of surveying

A

to show all the features of the earth’s surface (larger area) prepared as a plan or map in a horizontal plane.

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4
Q

If the range represents a small area

A

map

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5
Q

if the scale denotes a more substantial space

A

plan

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6
Q

the objective of surveing

A
  • To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth.
  • To determine the distance and angle between different objects.
  • To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan.
  • To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology and use them in the field.
  • To solve measurement problems in an optimal way.
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7
Q

represent the accurate graphic representations of features on the Earth, such as rivers, streams, lakes, woods, valleys, hills, towns, villages, forests, contours and cliffs, and depressions.

A

Topographic maps,

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8
Q

representing the land boundaries (property lines) and houses for legal purposes.

A

Cadastral maps

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9
Q

represent the details of engineering works such as dams, buildings, railways, road work, irrigation canals, reservoirs, and transmission lines.

A

Engineering maps

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10
Q

represent the road and railway communications with different parts of a country and different strategic points essential for the defense of a country

A

Military maps

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11
Q

represents the capacity of reservoirs and the best possible transportation routes.

A

Contour Maps

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12
Q

navigation routes on water bodies, water supply, and harbors or determine mean sea level.

A

Hydrographic Maps

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13
Q

help to determine the different strata in the Earth’s crust.

A

Geological Maps

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14
Q

help unearth relics of antiquity.

A

Archaeological Maps

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15
Q

helps to determine the latitudes and longitudes of any points on the Earth.

A

Astronomical Survey

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16
Q

The general principles of surveying are

A
  1. To work from the whole to the part
  2. Locating new points by measurement of minimum two reference points
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17
Q

when the earth’s surface is assumed to be a plane, and the curvature of the earth is omitted,

A

Plane Surveying

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18
Q

The earth’s surface is not considered as plane and curvature of the planet also taken into account for measurement

A

Geodetic Surveying.

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19
Q

is the investigation of the terrain like the river, falls, or maybe a town, village.

A
  • Land Survey
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20
Q

involves discovering the sea level, mean sea level, and planning, preparing of harbor construction.

A

Marine Survey

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21
Q

To find out the fixed point of any location of the earth’s surface

A

Astronomical Survey

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22
Q

used to determine the data used in engineering works in buildings, bridges, and roads.

A
  • Engineering Survey
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23
Q

Preparation of the map for military areas.

A
  • Defense Survey
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24
Q

This survey shall be carried out to explore mineral wealth below the earth’s surface

A
  • Mine Survey
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25
Q

is carried out by the government to develop the map of the natural resources of a country.

A
  • Geological survey
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26
Q

To prepare a map of the ancient area location of a country.

A
  • Archaeological survey
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27
Q

The basis of this survey method is trigonometry, mostly it is carried out in the hills area.

A
  • Triangulation Survey
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28
Q

this survey method contains a series of connected lines. In this survey, the length and direction of the lines have been measured by the tape. The angle between the lines is also noted for calculating the survey area

A

Transverse Survey

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29
Q

the conventional method of surveying, which is used to survey small land. The survey areas are divided into a number triangle and can be calculated.

A

Chain Surveying

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30
Q

The survey points are connected as a series of lines and measured by the compass instrument’s magnetic bearing. The angle between the lines is measured, and the chain measures the length of the lines.

A

Compass Surveying

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31
Q

suitable where the area is not larger & does not require high accuracy.
The fieldwork points are simultaneously plotted on the drawing, which is placed over the plane table. The plotted points are correlative with each other.

A

Plane Table Surveying

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32
Q

used where high accuracy of results required. used in all types of construction, roads, bridges, dam & pipeline projects.

A

Theodolite Surveying

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33
Q

used mainly in contour surveying.
The measurement of the distance can be taken in both horizontal & vertical directions. The stadia distance and reduced level will be calculated for the distance of the points.

A

Tacheometric Surveying

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34
Q

mostly used where the earth’s surface is uneven.

A

Dumpy Level or Auto Level

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35
Q

To discover the overview of an area

A

Aerial Surveying

36
Q

electronic instrument that is mostly preferred for surveying at present.

A

Total Station

37
Q

It was originally designed for determining the altitude of stars.(Hipparchus )

A

Astrolabe

38
Q

the universal surveying instrument by young and draper

A

Transit

39
Q

early surveying instrument which was used to measure and layoff angles, and establish lines of sight by employing peep sights

A

Semicircumferensor

40
Q

One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping

A

Plane Table

41
Q

used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

A

Dioptra

42
Q

instrument for aligning· or sighting points.

A

Groma

43
Q

was used to determine the horizontal. Archeolo¬gists are of the belief that the horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt were probably defined by this device.

A

Libella

44
Q

a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate

A

Vernier

45
Q

used for leveling, laying off right angles, and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. most famous surveying instrument of greeks

A

Diopter

46
Q

for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines

A

Compass

47
Q

the forerunner of instruments used for taping distances.

A

Gunter’s Chain

48
Q

a device for measuring time and meridian

A

Merchet

49
Q

designed for leveling work. It consisted of a horizontal straight-edge about 6 meters long with supporting legs, and a groove 2.5 cm deep and, 1.5m long on top.

A

Chorobates

50
Q

a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of that kind

A

Direct Measurements

51
Q

When it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity to be measured

A

Indirect Measurements

52
Q

The person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision and operational control of the survey party.

A

Chief of Party

53
Q

The person whose duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party

A

Assistant Chief of Party

54
Q

The person whose duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineer’s level, theodolite, sextant, plane table, alidade and etc.

A

Instrumentman

55
Q

The person who is responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation.

A

Technician

56
Q

The person whose duty is to perform all computation of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operation.

A

Computer

57
Q

The person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or needed for a field work operation.

A

Recorder

58
Q

The person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape.

A

Head Tapeman

59
Q

The person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during taping operations and in other related work.

A

Rear Tapeman

60
Q

The person whose duty is to hold the flagpole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman.

A

Flagman

61
Q

The person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or levelling rod when sights are to be taken on it.

A

Rodman

62
Q

The person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman

A

Pacer

63
Q

. The person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, brush and other obstructions in wooded country. He is also responsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party at the survey site

A

Axeman/lineman

64
Q

. The person whose duty is to render first aid treatment to members of the survey party who are involved in snake and insect bites, accidents and other cases involving their health, safety and well-being.

A

Aidman

65
Q

The person whose duties are to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of party.

A

Utilitymen

66
Q

the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity. _______ are inherent in all measurements and result from sources which cannot be avoided.

A

Errors

67
Q

inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgement and improper execution

A

Mistake

67
Q

This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged.

A

Systematic Errors

68
Q

These errors are purely accidental in character. The occurrence of such errors are matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative, and may tend in part to compensate or average out according to laws of probability.

A

Accidental Errors

69
Q

These errors are due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use

A

Instrumental errors.

70
Q

These errors are caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity wind refraction, gravity and curvature of the earth.

A

Natural Errors

71
Q

. These errors arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.

A

Personal Errors

72
Q

indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true value of the quantity measured.

A

Accuracy

73
Q

refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical measurement is made.

A

precision

74
Q

defined as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences

A

Probability

75
Q

refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more chances of being correct than has any other.

A

Most Probable Value

76
Q

referred to as the deviation, is defined as the difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value.

A

Residual

77
Q

is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the most probable value, defines a range within which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits thus set.

A

Probable Error

78
Q

The total amount of error in a given measurement should relate to the magnitude of the measured quantity in order to indicate the accuracy of a measurement.

A

Relative (error) Precision.

79
Q

consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance

A

Pacing

80
Q

a simple device that can be attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances

A

Odometer

81
Q

consists of a small wheel which is attached to a rod and handle, and can be pushed by an operator.

A

Measuring Wheel

82
Q

operates on the same principle as a rangefinder on a single-lens reflex camera.

A

Optical rangefinder

83
Q

to the measurement of images on a photograph.

A

Photogrammetry

84
Q

When distances are measured along the slope, the equivalent horizontal distance may correspondingly be determined by applying an approximate slope correction

A

Correction due to slope.

surveying (2 decks)

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