Intro

Question 1

Definition of disease

Answer 1

An abnormal condition of an organism
or part, especially as a consequence of
infection, inherent weakness, or
environment stress, that impairs
physiological functioning.

Question 2

Practical Definition of Disease

Answer 2

a broad array of health conditions that we
seek to understand and ultimately modify, including
physiologic states, mental health, and the entire
spectrum of human diseases

Question 3

Definition of Exposure

Answer 3

a catch-all term for agents, interventions,
conditions, policies, and anything that might affect
health

Question 4

World Health Organization Definition of Health

Answer 4

A state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity

Question 5

Public health is the science and art of

Answer 5

1.Preventing Disease

2. Prolonging life
3. Promoting health
   and efficiency
   through organized
   community effort.
   (1920)

Question 6

The Content of Public Health
Practice focuses on the

Answer 6

1. Primary prevention
2. Community protection through
   monitoring and surveillance
3. Response to unanticipated
   natural and human-generated
   disasters
4. Health promotion through
   programs
5. Target hard-to-reach
   populations with clinical
   services

Question 7

Epi

Answer 7

Upon

Question 8

Demos

Answer 8

People

Question 9

Logos

Answer 9

Study of, Body of Knowledge

Question 10

Definition of Epidemiology

Answer 10

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations

Question 11

Define study

Answer 11

surveillance, observation, hypothesis
testing, analytic research, and experiments

Question 12

Define Distribution

Answer 12

analysis by time, place, and person

Question 13

Define Determinants

Answer 13

physical, biological, social, cultural, and behavioral factors that influence
health (multi-factorial)

Question 14

Define health-related states or events:

Answer 14

diseases, causes of death, behavior, reactions to preventive regimens, and provision and use of health services.

Question 15

Define specified populations

Answer 15

those groups of people
with identifiable characteristics

Question 16

Define application to control

Answer 16

refers to the goal of epidemiology, that is, to assess the public health importance of diseases, identify the population at risk, identify the causes of disease, describe
the natural history of disease and evaluate the prevention and control of disease.

Question 17

The underlying premise of epidemiology

Answer 17

Disease does not occur at random

Question 18

Why is Epidemiology the Basic Science of Public Health?

Answer 18

1. Determine the extent of disease in the community
2. Study the natural history and prognosis of disease
3. Dentify associations and potential
   etiology (causes) of a disease and risk factors for disease
4. Evaluate new preventive and therapeutic
   measures and new modes of health care
   delivery
5. Provide a foundation for developing public policy and regulatory decisions relating to
   environmental problem

Question 19

Epidemiology is used in clinical medicine to:

Answer 19

1. Describe the natural history of disease
2. Discuss disease causality
3. Provide disease surveillance
4. Evaluate diagnostic testing
5. Evaluate prognosis

Question 20

What are the different types of disease causality

Answer 20

1. Proximate: Biological mechanisms of disease

2: Distal: Social and environmental causes of disease

Question 21

providing disease surveillance essential for

Answer 21

evaluating community health problems and setting disease control priorities

Question 22

evaluating diagnostic testing is used to

Answer 22

Evaluate usefulness, sensitivity, specificity

&

To set cutoff points and develop screening
strategies

Question 23

How might prognosis be evaluated

Answer 23

By identifying prognostic factors

&

Through cohort and case-control studies

Question 24

Hippocrates (400 BC)

Answer 24

“On Airs, Waters, and Places”
Hypothesized that disease might be associated with the physical environment, including seasonal variation in illness

Question 25

John Graunt (1662)

Answer 25

“Nature and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality” - First to employ quantitative methods in describing population vital statistics

Question 26

John Snow (1850)

Answer 26

Formulated natural epidemiological experiment to test the hypothesis that cholera was transmitted by contaminated water

Question 27

Doll & Hill (1950)

Answer 27

Used a case-control design to describe and test the association between smoking and lung cancer.

Question 28

Frances et al. (1950)

Answer 28

Huge formal field trial of the Poliomyelitis vaccine in school children

Question 29

Dawber et al. (1955)

Answer 29

Used the cohort design to study risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study.

Question 30

Acute Disease Investigation

Answer 30

Emphasis on empirical systematic investigation, biology, and environment/host manipulation

Question 31

Roots of medicine

Answer 31

All early epidemiologists were physicians

Question 32

Roots of statistics

Answer 32

Emphasis on the scientific method, quantification and measurement, and hypothesis testing. In the 1960s, many epidemiologists were statisticians.

Question 33

Roots of Social Sciences

Answer 33

Investigation of human behavior in relation to disease, and methods of data collection

Question 34

Roots of computer sciences

Answer 34

Emergence of “chronic” disease epidemiology required the ability to handle large amounts of data and to perform complex analyses

Question 35

Roots of Managerial Sciences

Answer 35

Management principles for acquisition of grants, research collaboration, and management of clinical trials.

Question 36

Roots of Genomics

Answer 36

2001 marked the first publication of draft sequences of the human genome. Intensive investigations are being conducted to identify “disease susceptibility genes,” “gene environment” interactions, and “gene-gene” interactions

Question 37

Emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism

Answer 37

Requires interdisciplinary approach with emphasis on mathematical modeling, environmental conditions, management and planning (e.g., emergency preparedness), surveillance

Question 38

Chief Causes of Death in the U.S. – 1900

Answer 38

1. Pneumonia/Influenza: 11.8% 2. Tuberculosis: 11.3% 3. Gastritis, enteritis, colitis: 8.3% 4. Heart disease: 8.0% 5. Senility, ill-defined conditions: 6.8% 6. Vascular lesions affecting CNS: 6.2% 7. Nephritis and renal sclerosis: 4.7%

Question 39

Chief Causes of Death in the U.S. – 2022

Answer 39

1. Heart disease: 702,880 2. Cancer: 608,371 3. Accidents (unintentional injuries): 227,039 4. COVID-19: 186,552 5. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 165,393 6. Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 147,382 7. Alzheimer’s disease: 120,122 8. Diabetes: 101,209 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 57,937 10. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis: 54,803

Question 40

Leading Causes of Death Worldwide – 2021

Answer 40

1. Ischemic heart disease 2. COVID-19 3. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) 4. COPD 5. Lower respiratory infections 6. Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 7. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 8. Diabetes mellitus 9. Kidney diseases 10. Tuberculosis

Question 41

In developed countries

Answer 41

There has been a marked shift in the leading causes of mortality from “infectious” to “chronic” diseases

Question 42

The fastest-growing segment of the population is

Answer 42

aged 85 and older

Question 43

Virtually All “Chronic” Diseases Have Multi-factorial Etiologies

Answer 43

“BEINGS” 1. Biological factors and Behavioral factors 2. Environmental factors 3. Immunologic factors 4. Nutritional factors 5. Genetic factors 6. Services, Social factors, and Spiritual factors

Question 44

Practical and Ethical Issues