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EPALS > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Most common primary arrest rhythm in children (2)

A

VF, pulseless VT

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2
Q

Every 1 minute delay in fibrillation of primary child arrest increases mortality by?

A

10%

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3
Q

Primary or secondary cardiac arrest more common in children and most common cause? (2)

A

Secondary
Hypoxia

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4
Q

Most common arrest rhythms with hypoxia? (2)

A

Asystole/ PEA

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5
Q

Rate of successful CPR for secondary oohca

A

4-12%

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6
Q

In hospital cardiac arrest successful cpr for secondary CA + discharge survival

A

60-80%
54%

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7
Q

Can epiglottis stimulation lead to vagal response

A

Yes

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8
Q

Larynx in children vrs adult

A

Higher
Ellipsoid in shape - cylindrical anterior-posterior diameter but cone shaped in the transverse diameter with vocal cords at the apex of the cone.

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9
Q

Air-alveolar surface area for gas exchange at birth vrs adult and what increase in number of small airways

A

3m2 vrs 70m2
10 fold increase

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10
Q

Main muscle of breathing in infants

A

Diaphragm

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11
Q

Normal respiratory rates in less than 1, 1-2, 2-5, 5-12, >12

A

30-40
26-34
24-30
20-24
12-20

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12
Q

Heart rate mean 0-3mth, 3mth - 2 year, 2-10, >10

A

140
130
80
75

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13
Q

Bp mean map for 1mth, 1 year, 5, 10, 15

A

55, 70, 75, 75, 80

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14
Q

Cardiac output relative to weight at birth vrs adult

A

300ml/kg/min vrs 70-80

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15
Q

Neonatal leading cause of death (3)

A

Congenital -> perinatal -> sudden infant death syndrome

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16
Q

Most common causes of death in infancy (2)

A

Congenital, resp/cvs,

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17
Q

Most common causes of death 1-4 (4)

A

Malignancy, trauma, congenital, CNS

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18
Q

Most common causes of death 5-9 (3)

A

Malignancy
Trauma
CNS

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19
Q

Most common teenager

A

Trauma, suicide, risk taking behaviour

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20
Q

Difference between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of death

A

Primary - prevention of the accident
Secondary - reduction of severity
Tertiary - diminishing the consequences of event

21
Q

Age cut off when chest wall recession is more significant

A

5 years old

22
Q

What is grunting

A

The result of exhaling against a partially closed glottis in an attempt to create PEEP

23
Q

Starting threshold of o2 therapy in infants or children with chronic lung issues

A

3% below known baseline

24
Q

Peripheral cyanosis and central cut offs

A

<85%
<80%

25
Q

5 types of shock

A

Hypovolaemic
Distributive
Cardiogenic
Obstructive
Dissociative

26
Q

% blood loss before hypotension in children

A

Up to 40%

27
Q

Sizing bp cuff

A

Cuff width >80% of the child’s upper arm length and bladder should cover more than 40#’circumference

28
Q

Threshold urine output in infant

A

2ml/kg/hr

29
Q

Cardiorespiratory failure immediate intervention signs

A

Coma
Exhaustion
Cyanosis
RR > 60
HR < 100 for newborn
HR > 180 or < 80 before 1 year cpr at 60
Hr > 160 after 1 year
Seizure

30
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

Bradycardia, hypertension, abnormal breathing

31
Q

See saw respiration meaning and cause

A

Abdomen protrudes markedly and chest is drawn inwards paradoxically reducing lung volume. Airway obstruction.

32
Q

Max suction pressure in infants

A

120mmhg

33
Q

NPA sizing length

A

Nostril to tragus of ear

34
Q

HFNO2 flow rate/kg

A

2L/kg/min up to 12kg plus 0.5L/kg/min
Eg 20kg = 28L 32kg = 34L

35
Q

ETT placement in 7 situations

A

Ineffective bmv
Deformity of anatomy
Aspiration protection
High pressures
Mechanical ventilation
Suctioning
Transfer

36
Q

ETT sizing - pre term, term, six month, 1 year, then older

A

2.5-3, 3-3.5, 3.5, 4 (uncuffed) age/4 + 4

37
Q

Length at month, nose

A

Age/2 + 12, 15

38
Q

Sudden deterioration of the intubated patient causes acronym

A

DOPES
Displacement
Obstruction
Pneumothorax
Equipment
Stomach

39
Q

Rate and depth of chest compressions

A

100-120/min
1/3rd on the chest depth ~ 4cm in infant, 5cm in child (6cm adult)

40
Q

Timeframe removal of IO

A

Within 24hrs

41
Q

Common locations to insert IO including cm

A

Proximal tibia (1cm below and medial to tuberosity in infants and 2-3cm in older children)
Distal tibia (1-2cm proximal to mm in infants and 3cm in older) and distal femur (less than 6y - 1-2cm above and medial to patella) as alternatives
Proximal humerus in older children (place their hand on abdo 1-2cm above surgical neck (hand over shoulder anterior feels like a ball where it should be inserted)

42
Q

IO sizing vrs age

A

18g 0-6mnth
16g 6-18mnth
14g for children > 18minths

EZ-IO are all 15 gauge

15mm, 25, 45 for different ages

43
Q

Other IO equipment

A

Wipe
Consider local
Primed three way tap extension
Syringe for aspiration bone marrow
Meds/ fluid

44
Q

Rough upper limit of fluid resuscitation in hypovolaemic child and septic child and fluid used (3)

A

40-60ml/kg
60-80ml/kg
Balance crystaloid (nacl as an alternative)

45
Q

Percentage chance of head injury with child with multi trauma

A

70-80%

46
Q

Percentage chance of head injury with child with multi trauma

A

70-80%

47
Q

Percentage chance of head injury with child with multi trauma

A

70-80%

48
Q

Absolute cut off for massive haemorrhage protocol

A

> 40ml/kg

EPALS (1 decks)

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