intro

Question 1

what makes a good web design

Answer 1

it should be according to the users point of view
should be easy to use
should be interesting
should be understandable

Question 2

what influences web design

Answer 2

technology
budget
nature of the content
amount and type of visuals
meeting userbility objectives

Question 2

what is the adhoc process, states its advantages and disadvantages

Answer 2

this is a method of design that is created in haste
ADVANTAGES
it is suitable for small websites
sites are developed under a short time
It is used for a very specific purpose type of website
DISADVANTAGES
has alot of errors
has many ‘under construction banners
difficult to update and maintain
contains old content

Question 2

advantages of a well thought out website

Answer 2

has fewer errors
more effective
more understandable
easy to navigate
may take less time

Question 2

pre design work includes

Answer 2

consider the organizations mission
define the target audience
set goals for the website
gather content (organize and establish hierarchy of content)
create a plan
create your website on paper
think about the actual html, pdf, graphic ,sound and other needed sites
organize the files logically so that the development team can understand the hierarchy of web pages

Question 2

factors that affect user readability

Answer 2

poor eyesight
smaller/older computer monitors
poor colour perception for users

Question 3

design fixes

Answer 3

use high contrast between texts and background
use larger fonts
put key navigations in upper left
limit page noise
avoid moving graphics
put key navigations on the upper left
use loads of wide space

Question 3

approvals, response time

Answer 3

they should be seeked from non affiliated people
from web designers
from subject matter experts
response time should be less since the slower the response the less users will access the website

Question 4

what is html

Answer 4

this is a language used to create web pages and make them functional.
it is structured meaning it has a beginning, a body and an end
it is universal and simple to learn

Question 5

what is the internet

Answer 5

it is a world wide connection of millions of computers connected to thousands of different networks.

Question 6

what is an email

Answer 6

it is the ability to write a message to someone through a mail program and send it via the internet

Question 7

In scenario A, You have been asked to develop a Website for St. Benedict Primary school in
Ruaraka. In the second Scenario B, you are have asked to develop another Web site for KCA
University. By understanding the user capabilities and user tasks analysis in both websites,
a) Give at least five possible similarities between these two sites (10 Marks)
b) Give at least five possibilities dissimilarities of the same. (10 Marks)

Answer 7

a) Possible similarities between the websites for St. Benedict Primary School and KCA University:

Navigation Menu: Both websites may feature a similar navigation menu structure to allow users to easily access different sections of the site such as about, academics, admissions, news, and contact information.

Responsive Design: Both websites may incorporate responsive design principles to ensure compatibility and usability across various devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

Contact Information: Both websites may include contact information such as address, phone numbers, and email addresses to facilitate communication between users and the respective institutions.

Events Calendar: Both websites may have an events calendar section to inform users about upcoming events, such as school open days, examinations, holidays, and academic deadlines.

Social Media Integration: Both websites may integrate social media links or feeds to connect users with the school or university’s social media profiles, allowing them to stay updated on news, announcements, and events.

b) Possible dissimilarities between the websites for St. Benedict Primary School and KCA University:

Content and Academic Focus: The content and academic focus of the websites will differ significantly. The St. Benedict Primary School website will primarily focus on primary education-related information, while the KCA University website will focus on higher education offerings, including undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Admissions Process: The admissions process and requirements will vary between the two institutions, leading to differences in the admissions-related content presented on the websites. The KCA University website may include detailed information about admission criteria, application deadlines, and procedures for undergraduate and graduate programs, while the St. Benedict Primary School website may focus on enrollment procedures for primary school students.

Resources and Support Services: The types of resources and support services provided by each institution will differ. For example, the KCA University website may include information about academic support services such as libraries, research centers, and career counseling, while the St. Benedict Primary School website may emphasize resources such as student support services, extracurricular activities, and parent involvement.

Alumni Network: The KCA University website may have a dedicated section for alumni, including alumni success stories, networking opportunities, and alumni events, while the St. Benedict Primary School website may not have a comparable section due to its focus on primary education.

Design and Branding: While both websites may adhere to best practices in web design, their visual appearance, branding elements, and overall design aesthetics may differ to reflect the unique identities and branding strategies of each institution. For example, the St. Benedict Primary School website may use colors, imagery, and typography that appeal to a younger audience, while the KCA University website may employ a more professional and sophisticated design style suited to its higher education context.

Question 8

what is a dedicated server

Answer 8

this is a computer that runs on one type of server and the server is constructed according to the users specifications
it as a high download speed, has a greater degree of security
it only allows the operating system to install software and applications the the user requires
it can be manages efficiently since you are the only user

Question 9

QUESTION 2 (20 MARKS)
There are several methods for system development.
a) Identity any Two possible for Website development (4 Marks)
b) Discuss similarities in both methods (8 Marks)
c) Discuss dissimilarities in both methods

Answer 9

a) Two possible methods for website development:

1. Waterfall Model: The waterfall model is a traditional linear sequential approach to software development. It consists of distinct phases such as requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Each phase must be completed before moving on to the next, resembling a waterfall flowing downwards. This method is well-suited for projects with well-defined and stable requirements.
2. Agile Methodology: Agile is an iterative and flexible approach to software development that focuses on delivering small, incremental releases in short iterations called sprints. It emphasizes collaboration, adaptability, and customer feedback throughout the development process. Agile methodologies include Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming (XP). This method is suitable for projects with evolving requirements and a need for frequent changes and updates.

b) Similarities in both methods:

1. Focus on Requirements Gathering: Both methods emphasize the importance of gathering and understanding user requirements before starting the development process. Whether following the waterfall model or agile methodology, developers need to have a clear understanding of the project objectives, user needs, and functional requirements to deliver a successful website.
2. Design and Development Phases: Both methods involve phases for designing and developing the website. While the waterfall model follows a sequential order with distinct phases for design, implementation, and testing, agile methodologies integrate design and development activities into iterative cycles. In both cases, the goal is to create a functional and user-friendly website that meets the specified requirements.
3. Quality Assurance and Testing: Both methods include processes for quality assurance and testing to ensure that the website meets the desired standards and functionality. Whether following the waterfall model or agile methodology, developers conduct testing activities such as unit testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing to identify and fix any issues or defects before deployment.
4. Deployment and Maintenance: Both methods address the deployment and maintenance of the website after development is complete. Whether using the waterfall model or agile methodology, developers need to deploy the website to the production environment and provide ongoing maintenance and support to address any bugs, updates, or enhancements.

c) Dissimilarities in both methods:

1. Flexibility and Adaptability: One major difference between the waterfall model and agile methodology is their approach to flexibility and adaptability. The waterfall model follows a rigid sequential process, where each phase must be completed before moving on to the next. In contrast, agile methodologies embrace change and allow for flexibility by incorporating iterative cycles and frequent feedback loops, enabling developers to respond to changing requirements and priorities.
2. Timeline and Delivery: The waterfall model typically follows a fixed timeline with a predefined delivery schedule. Once the requirements are gathered and the project plan is established, there is little room for changes or delays without impacting the overall timeline. Agile methodologies, on the other hand, prioritize delivering working software in short iterations, allowing for more frequent releases and continuous improvement over time.
3. Client Involvement: Agile methodologies place a strong emphasis on client involvement and collaboration throughout the development process. Clients are actively engaged in providing feedback, reviewing progress, and prioritizing features, which helps ensure that the final product meets their expectations. In contrast, the waterfall model often involves less client involvement, with requirements being finalized upfront and limited opportunities for feedback until the end of the project.
4. Risk Management: Agile methodologies typically incorporate risk management practices such as identifying potential risks early in the project and addressing them through iterative development cycles. By delivering working software in incremental releases, agile teams can mitigate risks and adapt to changing circumstances more effectively. The waterfall model, with its sequential approach, may encounter greater risks if issues or changes are identified late in the development process.

Question 10

what is a website

Answer 10

a group of web pages that are related and logically connected

Question 10

what is an intranet

Answer 10

an internal organizational network that can be provide access to data within the enterprise

Question 10

what is CSS

Answer 10

a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in html language

Question 11

elements of a good website

Answer 11

A) NAVIGATION= A website should be easy to navigate, and the menu items should be easily accessible on one page
B) VISUAL DESIGN- the arrangement of elements in order of importance. Either size, color, imagery, etc, do this.
C) LOAD TIME= Websites should have a load time of 2 seconds so that they can get more visitors
D) CONTENT- using compelling language and great content can attract and influence visitors
E) WEBSITE PURPOSE = A website needs to accommodate the user’s needs.

Question 12

explain the effect of
<a href= mailto: address1, address 2, address 3>

Answer 12

creates a hyperlink on the page that when clicked launches the users email client and prefills the “to” field with the adresses 1, 2 and 3

Question 13

explain the effect of
<a href=mailto:info@kcau.ac.ke>
email me</a>

Answer 13

creates a hyperlink that when clicked launcges the users and client and prefills the “to” field with the address given

Question 14

<img src=image.gif border=”0” height=”256” width=”256” alt=”my birthday photo”/>

Answer 14

this creates an image element on the page with a width and height of 256 pixels and sets an alternative text for the image to “my birthday photo” and specifies the image has no borders.

Question 15

<a><img></img></a>

Answer 15

Creates a hyperlink on the page that, when clicked, navigates the user to a web page located at the file “page1.html”. it also creates an image element on the same page with a width and height of 256 pixels with no borders and sets the alternative text for the image “My birthday photo.”

Question 16

write a code and display image attributes in html

Answer 16

<html>
<head>
<title> IMAGE ATTRIBUTES IN HTML </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> image attributes in html </h1>
<p> using alt attribute </p>
<img></img>
<p> using align attribute </p>
<img></img>
<p> using width and height attributes </p>
<img></img>
<p> using hspace and vspace attributes </p>
<image src="image.jpg" hspace="20" vspace"20">
</body>
</html>

Question 17

write a html code showing html table attributes

The border attribute specifies the thickness of the border around the table cells. Here, it’s set to “1” to display a border.
The cellspacing attribute specifies the space between cells. Here, it’s set to “0” to remove any spacing between cells.
The cellpadding attribute specifies the space between the cell content and the cell border. Here, it’s set to “5” to add 5 pixels of padding.
The caption element is used to provide a title or caption for the table.
The th element is used to define header cells (table headings).
The td element is used to define standard data cells.

Answer 17

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>
<meta></meta>
<meta></meta>
<title>HTML Table with Attributes</title>
<style>

  /* Optional: Add some basic styling */
  table {
    width: 100%;
    border-collapse: collapse;
  }
  th, td {
    padding: 8px;
    text-align: left;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
  }
  th {
    background-color: #f2f2f2;
  }

</style>
</head>
<body>

<table>
<caption>Monthly Sales Report</caption>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Sales</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>$1000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$1500</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March</td>
<td>$1200</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Question 18

b) Describe each of the following terms as used in internet (5 marks)
i. Hypertext
ii. Browser
iii. Web content
iv. Website
v. Webpage

Answer 18

1. method of linking and organizing information in a networked environment
2. A software that enables you to have access to the internet
3. this is what a webpage consists of.
4. this is a group of web pages that are related and logically connected
5. single web document that has everything you can use in a pc

Question 19

Briefly explain how a web browser fetches and displays the web page contents (4 marks

Answer 19

Fetching and displaying web page contents involves several steps that a web browser performs:

1. DNS Resolution: The browser first needs to translate the domain name (e.g., www.example.com) into an IP address. It sends a DNS (Domain Name System) query to a DNS server, which resolves the domain name to an IP address.
2. HTTP Request: Once the IP address is obtained, the browser sends an HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) request to the web server associated with that IP address. This request includes the specific resource (e.g., HTML file, image, stylesheet) that the browser wants to retrieve.
3. Server Processing: The web server receives the HTTP request and processes it. It locates the requested resource on its filesystem or generates it dynamically (e.g., by querying a database). The server then constructs an HTTP response containing the requested resource and sends it back to the browser.
4. Content Transfer: The browser receives the HTTP response from the server. If the response is successful (e.g., status code 200), it contains the requested resource along with metadata such as content type and length.
5. Parsing and Rendering: The browser parses the received content to understand its structure and retrieves any additional resources referenced within it (e.g., images, stylesheets, scripts). It then constructs the Document Object Model (DOM) tree, which represents the structure of the web page.
6. Layout and Rendering: Using the DOM tree and additional resources, the browser performs layout calculations to determine the position and size of each element on the web page. It then renders the web page visually, displaying it in the browser window according to the calculated layout.
7. Interaction and Script Execution: The browser enables user interaction with the web page (e.g., clicking links, submitting forms). It also executes any JavaScript code embedded within the web page, which can modify the DOM dynamically and add interactivity to the page.
8. Continued Updates: The browser continues to monitor for changes to the web page, such as user interactions or updates from the server. It dynamically updates the displayed content as needed to reflect these changes.

Overall, the process of fetching and displaying web page contents involves a combination of network communication, resource retrieval, parsing, rendering, and user interaction, all coordinated by the web browser to provide a seamless browsing experience.

Question 20

Distinguish between the following terms (2 marks)
i. Static website and dynamic website

Answer 20

In a static website the content remains fixed unless it is changed manually by a web developer, while dynamic website, the content is changed dynamically depending on the user’s input

Question 21

define the following servers
1. web server
2. dns server

Answer 21

1. this is a type of server that accepts requests from HTTP and delivers html image files and pages
2. this is a type of server that translates domain names into IP addresses

Question 22

a) Outline three uses of HTML tables (3 marks)

Answer 22

1. Used for tabular data presentation
2. used for layout and design
3. used for email templates

Question 23

Outline the functions of the following tags in HTML (3marks)

<Font>
<body>

</body></Font>

Answer 23

_{This tag is used to show subscripted texts in html}

<body>. This tag defines the whole page. It contains other tags that display texts, images, links
<font> this tag is used to specify font colour, font size and font type for a section of text within a web page
</font></body>

Question 24

c) Using examples, explain four types of websites

Answer 24

1. e-commerce websites: these are websites that aid in online transactions, allowing businesses to sell products and services directly to customers Amazon
2. educational websites; these are websites that offer educational resources, tutorials and courses eg Khan academy
3. social networking websites; these are websites that offer a platform for people to interact and share content eg Facebook
4. news and media websites; these are websites that provide news articles, reports and videos to keep people informed on current issues

Question 25

Discuss three lists supported by HTML

Answer 25

1. ordered lists: they are used to represent a list of items in a sequential order with numbers or letters
2. unordered lists: they are used to represent a list of items without any particular sequence or order
3. description lists : they are used to represent a sequencial list of items and their descriptions

Question 26

Discuss four factors to consider while designing and implementing website

Answer 26

1. content strategy making sure that the website has updated content and it has been organized into logical sections that will help users to navigate easily
2. visual design eg accesibility which is making sure the website can be used by people with disabilities visual heirachy this is making sure that there is colour contrast and the layout prioritizes important information and guides users attention
3. users experience make sure the website can be used by a person with little computer knowledge,
4. technical considerations eg security and scalability and performance

Question 27

) Explain four services offered by the internet technology

Answer 27

1.email: Email is a widely used communication service that allows users to send and receive messages electronically over the internet.
2. File transfer Protocal: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between computers over the internet.
3.world wide web: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interconnected web pages and resources accessible via the internet. It allows users to access, view, and interact with a vast array of information, multimedia content, and services.
4. Cloud computing: Cloud computing enables users to access computing resources, such as storage, processing power, and software applications, over the internet on an on-demand basis.

Question 28

a) Explain four factors to consider while selecting an ISP for hosting web (4 marks

Answer 28

1. ability to add domains: before signing up with a particular internet service provider, make sure their packages allow for the running of multiple websites on a single web hosting account
2. Server reliability: weak servers and unstable network connections can often push your site offline
3. Customer service. Choose a host that offers live support for their clients, chat support, and social media visibility
4. Load time- make sure that the average load time is 3 seconds; this will make the visitor less frustrated.
5. bandwidth and storage- bandwidth is the amount of data that a website can deliver to its visitors over a certain period. The higher the bandwidth, the better the website.

Question 29

Outline three limitations of HTML

Answer 29

static content
design contraints
accesibility

Question 29

Outline three image file extensions supported by HTML

Answer 29

JPEG/JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
PNG (Portable Network Graphics
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):

Question 29

) Explain three forms of website maintenance

Answer 29

1. content maintenance: this includes regularly updating content on your websites to make sure it is up-to-date, accurate, relevant, and engaging to users
2. security maintenance: Conducting regular security audits and vulnerability scans to identify and address security weaknesses, malware infections, and unauthorized access attempts is critical for protecting the website and its data.
3. technical maintenance: this includes regularly updating website software, themes and other third party tools

Question 30

) A group of entrepreneurs have teamed up to form a company; XY Investments Company Ltd.
The directors of the company wish to create a website for the company. The directors have
invited you to assist them in the planning stage of XY Investment Company Ltd’s website.
Required:
(i) Propose a list of three questions that you would ask the directors in order to assist in the
planning of the website [4 Marks]
(ii) List and briefly describe four essential factors you would put into consideration while
designing and implementing the website on behalf of XY investments Company.
[4 Marks

Answer 30

(i) Three questions to ask the directors in order to assist in the planning of the website:

1. What are the primary goals and objectives of XY Investments Company Ltd’s website?
   
   • Understanding the company’s goals will help determine the website’s purpose, target audience, and desired outcomes. It could include goals such as showcasing investment services, attracting new clients, providing educational resources, or facilitating communication with existing clients.
2. Who is the target audience for the website, and what are their needs and preferences?
   
   • Identifying the target audience, including demographics, interests, and behaviors, will influence the website’s design, content, and functionality. Understanding the audience’s needs and preferences ensures the website effectively engages and serves its intended users.
3. What content and features does the company want to include on the website?
   
   • Discussing the desired content and features, such as company information, services offered, investment resources, contact forms, or client portals, helps outline the website’s structure and functionality. It’s essential to prioritize content and features based on their importance to the target audience and business objectives.

(ii) Four essential factors to consider while designing and implementing the website for XY Investments Company:

1. User Experience (UX) Design:
   
   • Focus on creating a user-friendly and intuitive website interface that provides a seamless browsing experience for visitors. Ensure clear navigation, intuitive layout, fast page loading times, and mobile responsiveness to enhance user satisfaction and engagement.
2. Branding and Visual Design:
   
   • Develop a visually appealing website design that reflects XY Investments Company’s brand identity, values, and messaging. Consistent branding elements, such as logo, color scheme, typography, and imagery, help establish brand recognition and trust among visitors.
3. Security and Data Protection:
   
   • Implement robust security measures to protect sensitive information and ensure the safety of website visitors’ data. Utilize SSL encryption, secure authentication mechanisms, regular security updates, and backup procedures to safeguard against cyber threats and data breaches.
4. Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
   
   • Optimize the website for search engines to improve its visibility and ranking in search engine results pages (SERPs). Conduct keyword research, optimize meta tags, headings, and content, improve website speed and performance, and build high-quality backlinks to enhance SEO and attract organic traffic.

Question 31

Explain the following HTML terms
i. HTML tag (1marks)
ii. HTML element

Answer 31

1. it is a markup element that is used to define the structure of content within an HTML document
2. has an opening tag that specifies any element and type of attribute associated with it and a closing tag that indicates the end of the element

Question 32

List and describe any four marquee tag attributes

Answer 32

The <marquee> tag in HTML is used to create a scrolling or moving text or image effect within a web page. It has several attributes that can be used to customize the behavior and appearance of the scrolling content. Here are four commonly used attributes of the <marquee> tag:</marquee></marquee>

behavior:

This attribute specifies the behavior of the scrolling content. It determines how the content moves within the marquee element. Possible values include:
scroll: The content continuously scrolls from one end to the other and then restarts.
slide: The content slides into view from one end, remains stationary for a specified duration, and then slides out of view.
alternate: The content scrolls back and forth, reversing direction when it reaches the end of the marquee.
direction:

This attribute specifies the direction in which the content scrolls within the marquee element. It determines whether the content moves horizontally or vertically. Possible values include:
left: The content scrolls from right to left horizontally.
right: The content scrolls from left to right horizontally.
up: The content scrolls from bottom to top vertically.
down: The content scrolls from top to bottom vertically.
scrollamount:

This attribute specifies the speed at which the content scrolls within the marquee element. It determines the distance the content moves in each animation step. The value represents the number of pixels to scroll per animation step. Higher values result in faster scrolling, while lower values result in slower scrolling.
scrollDelay:

This attribute specifies the delay between each animation step of the scrolling content. It determines the interval between consecutive movements of the content within the marquee element. The value represents the duration of the delay in milliseconds. A higher scrollDelay value results in a slower scrolling speed, while a lower value results in a faster scrolling speed.