Intro

Question 1

What are the three types of cell division?

Answer 1

Asymmetrical cell division (ACD), proliferation or differentiation

Question 2

What is the major thing controlling differentiation?

Answer 2

The niche of the stem cell

Question 3

What is a transit amplifying cell? what is it’s purpose?

Answer 3

A comitted stem cell, that rapidly divide before becoming terminally differentiated. They increase stem cell output

Question 4

What type of cell potency can create a zygote?

Answer 4

Totipotent

Question 5

What are PSCs?

Answer 5

Pluripotent stem cells, they give rise to all somatic and germ cell types of the embryo

Question 6

What type of cells can be derived from the blastocyst?

Answer 6

embryonic stem cells

Question 7

What type of cells can be derived from the epiblast?

Answer 7

epiblast stem cells

Question 8

What are ES cells?

Answer 8

embryonic stem cells, they can be derived from blastocysts and cultured

Question 9

Cells are pluripotent due to…

Answer 9

Intracellular signals, transscription factors and chromatin structure (epigenetics)

Question 10

What are the different stages of pluripotency in a stem cell culture?

Answer 10

Totipotent, naive, primed, region-selective primed, multipotent

Question 11

What are iPS cells?

Answer 11

Induced pluripotent stem cells. Can be derived from fibroblasts, hepatocytes, gastric epithelial cells, neural stem cells etc.

Question 12

What are the applications for pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 12

Functional genetics, cell replacement therapies, disease models, drug screening and toxicology

Question 13

What are the limitations of iPS and ES cells in therapy?

Answer 13

Tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, heterogeneity

Question 14

What are the most used model organisms?

Answer 14

c. elegans, drosophila, xenopus, zebrafish and mice

Question 15

When does gastrulation start in mouse development? when does organogenesis occur?

Answer 15

Gastrulation E6.5-7.5
Organogenesis E9.5-13.5

Question 16

What are the most important familis of signaling molecules?

Answer 16

Hedgehog
Wnt
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

Question 17

What are the function of ‘master regulatory’ transcription factors

Answer 17

To regulate expression of genes specific for a cell type.
They are able to redirect a cells fate to this cell type

Question 18

What are the two mechanisms of patterning by morphogens?

Answer 18

French flag and reaction diffusion

Question 19

Explain the reaction diffusion model of patterning

Answer 19

In it’s simplest form it requires only two diffusible molecules: and activator and its inhibitor
Draw: A with arrow to it self and I. I with inhibitory arrow to A.

Question 20

What cellular processes drive morphogenesis?

Answer 20

Division, apoptosis, morphology changes, polarization, migration, reorganization, changes in adhesive properties

Question 21

What cell layers are created during gastrulation?

Answer 21

Ectoderm (outer layer)
Mesoderm (middle layer)
Endoderm (inner layer)
Germ cells

Question 22

What cells types does the endoderm create?

Answer 22

Digestive tube and its associated organs:
Stomach cells
Thyroid cells
Lung cells

Question 23

What cell types does the mesoderm create?

Answer 23

Notochord
Bone tissue
Heart
Kidney
Muscles
Connective tissue
Red blood cells
Facial muscle

Question 24

What cell types does the ectoderm create?

Answer 24

Epidermal cells of skin
Neurons in the CNS
Neural crest

Question 25

What is the difference between epithelial and mesenchymal cells?

Answer 25

the cells of an embryo are either epithelial or mesenchymal. Epithelial cells adhere to one another and can form sheets and tubes, whereas mesenchymal cells often migrate individually and form extensive extracellular matrices that can keep individual cells separate.

Question 26

What is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition?

Answer 26

In this transition, a polarized stationary epithelial cell, which normally interacts with basal lamina through its basal surface, becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that can invade tissues and help form organs in new places.

Question 27

How are metastasis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition related?

Answer 27

Metastasis is the process in which cancer cells detach from the tumor and migrate to other tissues. This resembles EMT: Cadherins are downregulated, the actin cytoskeleton is reorganized, and the cells secrete enzymes such as metalloproteinases to degrade the basal lamina and mesenchymal extracellularmatrix while also under going cell division

Question 28

What initiates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition?

Answer 28

EMT is usually initiated when para- crine factors from neighboring cells activate gene expression in the target cells, thereby instructing the target cells to downregulate their cadherins, release their attachment to laminin and other basal lamina components, rearrange their actin cytoskeleton, and secrete new extracellular matrix molecules characteristic of mesenchymal cells.