intro Flashcards
what is a response to a noxious stimulus?
pain
pain is always ________
subjective
what is the objective of pain?
do no harm: to provide damage protection to the tissue
what is a nervous restlessness; a normal rxn to when one’s body, lifestyle, values, or loved ones are threatened?
anxiety
the absence of normal sense of pain is _______
analgesia
what is partial or complete loss of sensation with or w/o the loss of conciousness?
anesthesia
what is local anesthesia?
a reversible loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body WITHOUT loss of consciousness
what is general anesthesia?
a reversible LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS and insensibility to painful stimuli
what is the process of allyaing nervous excitement with sedative drugs; the state of being calmed?
sedation
what is conscious sedation?
a minimally depressed level of consciousness during with the pt retains the ability to maintain a patent airway and respond appropriately to physical or verbal commands
what is MAC?
monitored anesthesia care is a specific anesthesia service performed under local anesthesia w/ sedation and analgesia
T/F with conscious sedation, the drugs and/or techniques used don’t have to worry about unintended loss of consciousness likely
false
what is this?
pt is able to breath and respond normally to tactile stimulation and verbal command. Although cognitive function and coordination may be modestly impaired, ventilatory and cardiovascular functions are unaffected
minimal sedation
what is this?
pt respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. no interventions are required to keep them breathing. cardiovascular function is usually maintained. Sometimes we see a drop in BP
moderate sedation
what is this?
pt cannot be easily around but respond purposefully following repeated or painful stimulation. May not be able to keep an open airway. pt may require assistance to breathe. cardiovascular function is usually maintained.
deep sedation
T/F minimal and moderate sedation fall under the umbrella of MAC anesthesia but deep sedation does not
False. all fall under MAC
minimal and moderate sedation are also considered to be a part of ___________
conscious sedation
what is this?
pt is not arousable, even by painful stimulation. the ability to independently keep an open airway is almost always impaired and need assistance to do so. cardiovascular function may be impaired
general anesthesia
what important event happened in 1844?
dentist horace wells used nitrous oxide to extract a tooth
“kind of an important one”
what year did dentist william morton demonstrate the use of ether at Mass. General Hospital while he was a med student?
1845
when was the 1st organic anesthetic used and what was it?
it was 1860 and it was cocaine
in 1907 ________ was introduced into US dental offices by Heinrich Braun
Novocaine
T/F Lidocaine was introduced to the medical and dental professions in the 1960’s
False. 1943
is novocaine (procaine) still used in dentistry?
not since the 50’s, can’t even buy it
another name for levonordefrin?
neo-cobefrin
(double frin)
another name for mepivicaine?
carbocaine
(a car for me)
another name for pyrocaine?
dynacaine
(dynomite for the pyromaniacs)
another name for prilocaine?
citanest
(didn’t mean to ‘pri’ into the -nest)
another name for bupivicaine?
marcaine
(marc my bu)
another name for septocaine?
articaine
(ex-sept this art)
what major organ systems does the medical history questionnaire cover?
cardiovascular
coagulopathy
cancer
hepatic
renal
respiratory
endocrine
neurological
skeletal - joints
Chrens (triple c, double r)
what should the physical evaluation include?
-monitory vital signs (at the minimal)
-visual inspection (at the minimal)
-function tests, as indicated
-Auscultation of heart and lungs and lab tests, as indicated
what’s a normal pulse rate in adults
60-100
what is pre hypertensive bp?
120-139/80-89
what is stage 1 hypertention bp?
140-159/90-99
what is stage 2 hypertensive BP?
≥160/≥100
what is normal respiration rate?
12-18
what’s normal temp?
97-99.6 F
≥100 indicates fever
what are the four cardinal principles of physical examination?
inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation
what is an ASA I?
no systemic disease; a normal healthy pt. no meds, no alcohol, tobacco, or drugs
what is an ASA II?
mild diseases only without substantive functional limitations; medically stable (e.g. pregnancy, current smoker, social alcohol drinker)
What is an ASA III?
substantive functional limitations; one or more moderate to severe diseases; medically fragile but not incapacitating (poorly controlled DM or HTN, morbid obesity, alcohol abuse, etc.)
What is an ASA IV?
a pt with sever systemic disease that is constant threat to life; medically debilitating (e.g. recent MI, stroke, ongoing cardiac ischemia or severe valve dysfunction)
what is an ASA V?
moribund, not expected to survive 24 hours without intervention (e.g. ruptured abdominal/thoracic aneurysm, massive trauma, etc.)
what is an ASA VI?
a declared brain-dead pt whose organs are being removed for donor purposes
