Intro

Question 1

What are the 4 language evaluation criteria?

Answer 1

1.Readability: the ease with which programs can be read and understood
2.Writability: the ease with which a language can be used to create programs
3.Reliability:conformance to specifications (i.e., performs to its specifications)
4.Cost: the ultimate total cost

Question 2

What is a well-known computer architecture?

Answer 2

Von Neumann

Question 3

What are the 4 language categories?

Answer 3

1.Imperative
2.Functional
3.Logic
4.Programming hybrid

Question 4

Describe imperative

Answer 4

Central features: variables, assignment statements, iteration
Support object-oriented programming
Examples: C, Java, C++, Python

Question 5

Describe functional

Answer 5

Computations are made by applying functions to given parameters
Examples: LISP

Question 6

Describe logic

Answer 6

Rule-base
Example:Prolog

Question 7

Describe programming hybrid

Answer 7

Markup languages extended to support some programming
Example: JSTL

Question 8

What are the 2 levels of byte code type language?

Answer 8

1. The byte code compiler
   2.The virtual software that interprets the byte code at runtime

Question 9

What are the 3 implementation methods?

Answer 9

1. Compilation
   2.Pure interpretation
   3.Hybrid implementation systems

Question 10

Describe compilation

Answer 10

Translates high-level program (source language) into machine code(machine language)

Question 11

What are the 4 phases of compilation?

Answer 11

1. lexical analysis: characters into lexical units
   2.syntax analysis: lexical units into parse trees
   3.semantics analysis: generate immediate code
   4.code generation:generate machine code

Question 12

What are 2 compilation terminologies?

Answer 12

1. Load module (executable image):user + system code
   2.Linking and loading:process of collecting system program units and linking them to a user program

Question 13

Describe pure interpretation

Answer 13

No translation
Uses dynamic data types defined at runtime
Slower execution , more space

Question 14

Describe hybrid implementation systems

Answer 14

Comprise between compilers and pure interpreters
High-level language program translated to an intermediate language for easy interpretation
CONVERSION BEFORE OR RUN-TIME
Faster than pure interpretation

Question 15

What are preprocessors?

Answer 15

They process a program immediately before the program is compiled to expand embedded preprocessor macros.
Preprocessor macros–>Instructions are commonly used to specify that code from another file is to be included
Example: C preprocessor

Question 16

Summary

Answer 16

• The study of programming languages is valuable for a number of reasons:
  – Increase our capacity to use different constructs – Enable us to choose languages more intelligently – Makes learning new languages easier
• Most important criteria for evaluating programming languages include:
  – Readability, writability, reliability, cost
• Major influences on language design have been machine architecture and software development methodologies
• The major methods of implementing programming languages are: compilation, pure interpretation, and hybrid implementation