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SedPet > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

deals with the characterization of the individual sediments

A

Sedimentolgy

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2
Q

Broad scientific discipline that encompasses the study of all kinds of sedimentary rocks

A

SedPet

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3
Q

Fundamental Constituents

A

Terrigenous
Chemical/Biochemical
Carbonaceous
Authigenic

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4
Q
  • These sediments are derived from terrestrial environment
  • From any rock type, including older sedimentary rocks
  • Minerals and rock frags transpo to depositional basins (extrabasinal origin)
  • Grains make up STS, CGL, SHL
A

Terrigenous Constituents

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5
Q

in terrigenous constituents, ___ are often found as a result of recombination and crystallization from parent rocks during
weathering

A

Fe-Oxides and clay minerals

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6
Q
  • generated at weathering sites by recombination and crystallization
A

Secondary Minerals

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7
Q
  • Derived from the precipitates
  • Soluble constituents e.g. calcite, gypsum
  • Examples are ooids and pellets
  • Includes limestones, cherts, evaporites,
    phosphorites
A

Chemical/Biochemical

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8
Q

chemical/biochem processes are seen within______

A

Depositional Basins

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9
Q
  • lead to extraction from basin water of soluble constituents
    • forms minerals such as Cal, Gy, Ap
    • forms calcareous and siliceous shells of organisms
    • precipitations aggregated into silt or sand-size grains
      • moved about by current and waves within depositional basins
      • ex. Carbonate ooids and pellets
    • makes up Intrabasinal seds
    • ex. LST, Chert, Evaporites Phosphorites
A

Chemical/Biochemical Constituents

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10
Q

Composed of carbonized residues of terrestrial plants, animals and petroleum bitumen

A

Carbonaceous

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11
Q
  • woody plant tissue residue
    -most constituents of coal
A

Humic

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12
Q

Spores, pollen, phyto- and zooplanktons, and macerated plant debris in water; constituents of cannel coals and oil shales

A

Sapropelic

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13
Q

solid, asphaltic residue form from petroleum through the loss of volatiles, oxidation and polymerization

A

Bitumens

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14
Q

-Minerals precipitated from pore waters within the sedimentary pile during burial diagenesis
- may include Silicate and Non silicate minerals
- can be added during burial but are never the dominant constituents of seds

A

Authigenic (Secondary) Constituents

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15
Q

Sed rocks cover about ? of the surface

A

80%

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16
Q

Average thickness of Earth’s sedimentary shell is ?km

A

2.2

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17
Q

the volume of sedimentary rocks of Earth’s crust is concentrated on the continents (?%surface)

A

29

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18
Q

About ? percent of sedimentary rocks occur on the continental shelf and continental slope (?% surface)

A

13;14

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19
Q

Approximately ? percent of the total volume of sedimentary rocks occurs on the floors of the oceans (?% surface)

A

17;58

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20
Q

rocks that make up Earth’s sedimentary shell are mainly shales ?, sandstones ?, and carbonate rocks ?%

A

50;24;24

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21
Q

T or F
relative volume of preserved shale per unit age has not changed significantly since early/ middle (Archean) Precambrian time.

A

T

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22
Q

Number of recycling times a seds has undergone is a *function of

A

tectonic setting and the susceptibility of rocks to be weathered+eroded*

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23
Q

Tectonic Setting (climate) governs

A

weathering/erosion intensity

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24
Q

Rock type determined relative ease of destruction. Ranking

A
  • Evaporites
  • Limestones
  • Dolomites
  • Shales, Sandstones, Volcanogenic sediments
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25
Q

Evaporite rocks are recycles upto ? times in the GTS

A

15

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26
Q

carbonate rocks are recycles upto ? times in the GTS

A

10

27
Q

SHL and STS are recycles upto ? times in the GTS

A

5

28
Q

Two possible models for sediment recycling

A

Constant Mass Model and
Linear Accumulation Model

29
Q
  • Early degassing
  • All water along with acidic gasses that can react with early igneous rock has been released
  • Since then, there haven’t been any such degassing events which means no gasses, which meant that no completely new sediment has been created
  • Through time, seds have been recycled by erosion/destruction via metamorphism and recycling of CO2 and HC
A

Constant Mass Model

30
Q
  • water, CO2 and HCl are continuously degassed from earth at a linear rate
  • New sedimentary rocks have thus continued to form through time by the breakdown of primary igneous rock.
    -the mass of sediments has grown linearly through time from zero to the currently existing mass.-
A

Linear Accumulation Model

31
Q

Sedimentary basins are now commonly classified in terms of

A
  • (1) the type of crust on which the basins rest,
  • (2) the position of the basins with respect to plate margins, and
  • (3) for basins lying close to a plate margin, the type of plate interactions occurring during sedimentation
32
Q

The rate of basin subsidence, together with rates of sea-level rise or fall, determines the ???? – the space available at any time in which sediments can accumulate.

A

Accumulation Space

33
Q

The size and shape of the basins, which places ????? that can accumulate.

A

limits on the volume of sediments

34
Q
  • Terrestrial Rift Valleys
    • commonly associated with bimodal volcanism;
    • ex. Rio Grande Rift, NM
A

Divergent Settings

35
Q
  • Incipient oceanic crust and flanked by young rifted
    • continental margins; ex. Red Sea
A
  • Proto-Oceanic Rift Troughs
36
Q
  • Mature rifted continental Margins in intraplate settings at continental oceanic interfaces
A
  • Continental Rise and Terraces
37
Q
  • Progradational sediment wedges formed of rifted continental margins
A
  • Continental embankments
38
Q

Broad cratonic basins floored by fossil rifts in axial zones

A
  • Intracratonic Basins
39
Q
  • Stable cratons covered with thin laterally extensive sediment cover
A
  • Continental Platforms
40
Q

Basins floored by oceanic crust formed at divergent plate boundaries unrelated to arc-trench systems (spreading still active).

A

Active ocean basins

41
Q
  • Former failed rifts at high angles, which have been reactivated during convergent tectonics
A

Aulacogens

42
Q

rifts formed at high angles to continental margins, without preorogenic history

A

Impactogens

43
Q

Basins formed in intermontane settings following the cessation of local orogenic or taphrogenic activity

A

Successor Basin

44
Q

Sedimentary aprons and platforms formed in intraoceanic settings other than magmatic arcs.

A

Oceanic islands, aseismic ridges
and plateaus:

45
Q

Basins floored by oceanic crust, which is neither spreading nor subducting (no active plate boundaries within or adjoining basin).

A

Dormant ocean basins:

46
Q

Deep troughs formed by subduction of oceanic lithosphere.
Modern example: Chile Trench

A

Trenches:

47
Q

Local structural depressions developed on subduction complexes.
Modern example: Central America Trench

A

Trench-slope basins:

48
Q

Basins within arc-trench gaps. Modern example: Sumatra

A

Forearc basins:

49
Q

Basins along arc platform, which includes superposed and overlapping volcanoes. Modern example: Lago de Nicaragua

A

Intraarc basins

50
Q

Oceanic basins behind intraoceanic magmatic arcs (including interarc basins between active and remnant arcs), and
continental basins behind continental- margin magmatic arcs

A

Backarc basins:

51
Q

Foreland basins on continental sides of
continental-margin arc-trench systems (formed by subduction-generated compression and/or collision). Modern
example: Andes foothills

A

Retroarc foreland basins:

52
Q

Shrinking ocean basins caught between colliding continental margins and/or arc-trench systems, and ultimately subducted or deformed within suture belts. Modern example: Bay of Bengal

A

Remnant ocean basins:

53
Q

Foreland basins above rifted continental margins that have been pulled into subduction zones during crustal collisions (primary type of collision-related forelands). Modern example: Persian Gulf

A

Peripheral foreland basins:

54
Q

Basins formed and carried atop moving thrust sheets. Modern example: Peshawar Basin (Pakistan)

A

Piggyback basins:

55
Q

Basins formed among basement-cored uplifts in foreland settings. Modern example: Sierras Pampeanas basins (Argentina)

A

Foreland intermontane basins
(broken forelands):

56
Q

Basins formed by extension along strike-slip fault systems.
Modern example: Salton Sea (California)

A

Transtensional basins:

57
Q

Basins formed by compression along strike-slip fault systems.
Modern example: Santa Barbara Basin (California)
(foreland)

A

Transpressional basins:

58
Q

Basins formed by rotation of crustal blocks about vertical axes
within strike-slip fault systems. Modern example: Western
Aleutian forearc

A

Transrotational basins:

59
Q

Diverse basins formed within and on continental crust due to
distant collisional processes. Modern example: Qaidam
Basin (China)

A

Intracontinental wrench basins

60
Q

Former failed rifts at high angles to continental margins, which
have been reactivated during convergent tectonics, so that they
are at high angles to orogenic belts. Modern example:
Mississippi embayment

A

Aulacogens:

61
Q

Rifts formed at high angles to orogenic belts, without preorogenic
history (in contrast with aulacogens). Modern example:
Baikal rift (Siberia) (distal)

A

Impactogens:

62
Q

Basins formed in intermontane settings following cessation of
local orogenic or taphrogenic activity. Modern example:
Southern Basin and Range (Arizona)

A

Successor basins:

63
Q
A

SedPet (8 decks)

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