intro Flashcards
What are the goals of scientific method?
- describe
- explain
- predict
- control behavior
Explain Description
observing and describing patterns. Who, What, Why so on.
Explain Prediction
Predicting what will happen in the future.
Explain Identifying causes
what causes behavior’s
Explain Explaining
theories of why things happen, and what is associated with what.
Goals of qualitative research?
Description
Prediction
Identify causes
Explaining
where do scientific ideas come from?
common sense
observations’
theories
past research
What are the 5 types of quantitative studies?
Case studies
Naturalistic observations
Surveys
Correlational studies
Experimental studies
what is the scientific process?
- question
- Hypothesis
- define variables
- Test hypothesis
- analyze data
- Report findings
- More research and theory
- New hypothesis from derived theory’s
Two functions of theory?
- Organizes and explains various specific facts or descriptions of behaviors.
- generates new knowledge by focusing on our thinking.
Explain case studies
It focuses on one subject in detail.
Advantages on case studies
- Rich descriptive detail
- Suggests hypothesis for future study
- Can study rare behaviors
Disadvantages on case studies
- Cannot establish cause and effect
- Cause may not be representative
- Often relies on researchers objective opinion
What is natural observation?
behavior observed in the setting it naturally occurs
Advantages of natural observation
- Can provide detailed information about the nature.
- Researchers can get realistic pictures of certain behaviors occurring in natural settings.
Disadvantages of natural observation
- observer’s presence may affect the behavior of the participants.
- observer/ researcher can be biased and interpret in their own way.
- Cannot establish cause and effect.
what is survays
Questions or tests administered to a sample from a population.
Advantages of surveys
- Can obtain large amounts of data on a large scale of people.
- A properly drawn representative sample gives accurate information about the broader population.
Disadvantages of surveys
- Unrepresentative samples yield misleading results.
- Surveys need to be reliable and valid.
- Interviewer and social desirably bias distract findings.
Six steps to follow in Thematic Analysis
Phase 1:familiarizing yourself with your data
Phase 2:generating initial codes
Phase 3:searching for themes
Phase 4:reviewing themes
Phase 5:defining and naming themes
Phase 6:producing the report
Advantages of Thematic Analysis
- flexible
- quick and easy to learn and do
- Results are generally accessible to educated general public.
why do we use qualitative research?
- when a phenomenon needs to be explored
- When we need a detailed understanding of the problem
- When we want to understand the context participants experience issues.
Different types of interviews
structured
semi structured
unstructured
10 commandments of interviews
- Never begin an interview cold
- Think about your appearance
- Be respectful
- Practice
- Interview in a comfortable place
Focus group adv
- Allows naturalistic interaction
- opportunity to gather information on a situation.
focus group dis adv
- Large amount of data
- Transcription is time-consuming
- Researcher needs to be skilled
advantages of diary studies
- It allows insight into events and experiences as they happen.
- insight on the timeline of events
disadvantages of diary studies?
- Dropout rates are high
- Unsure if the instructions were followed
- May alter daily experience’s
Observations adv.
- Allows researchers to see experiences as they happen
observation dis adv.
People may behave differently
Web-based data adv.
- Rich in detail, can focus on a specific topic.
Web-based data dis adv.
- Anonymity may allow people to lie
- Only internet users
media and text sources adv.
-reduces the need to collect new data
- No need to recruit
media and text sources dis adv.
- A vast amount of media sources can tempt you to use them inappropriately.
- can only be used for specific; research questions.
Adv of correlational studies?
- Allows prediction
- Examine issues that can’t be studied practically or ethically.
Dis adv of correlational studies?
- Correlation does not equal causation
- Cannot establish cause and effect
Experimental studies adv.
Best method for examining cause and effect of variables.
Experimental studies dis adv.
careful design is essential, otherwise, confounds can threaten validity.
Why do a correlational study?
- Allows prediction
- Only practical method
- Identify real-world associations that can’t be studied in a lab.
explain ordinal
Rank
explain Nominal
category not ranked in order
interval
no true 0
ratio
true 0
What does a good experiment have?
Random assignment
large sample size
reliable and valid operational variables
Confounds are?
Other factors that can affect your study
what is placebo effects
Change in behavior bc of expectations not treatment.
What are three fundamental principles?
- Autonomy, free choice and consent
- Justice, fairness
- Beneficence, Benefits must outweigh the risk
