Intro

Question 1

DDDEMT
(Morphological diagnosis

Answer 1

Degree: Minimal, Mild, Moderate, Marked (severe)
Duration: Acute, subacute, Chronic, Chronic active
Distribution: Focal, multifocal, locally extensive, Diffuse (interstitial), Cranioventral (Lung)
Exudate: Serous, Catarrhal, Fibrinous, Suppurative, Granulomatous, Pyogranulomatous
Modifier: Necrotizing, Bronchointerstitial, Hemorrhagic, Embolic
Tissue: Cystitis, hepatitis, Pneumonia, Encephalitits, Enteritis.

Question 2

-itis

Answer 2

Inflammatory disease or disorder in tissue or organ ( steatitis, bronchitis, hepatitis)

Question 3

-opathy

Answer 3

noninflammatory diseases or disorders in tissues or organs (e.g., neuropathy, hepatopathy, lymphadenopathy).

Question 4

-osis

Answer 4

noninflammatory conditions (e.g., hepatosis), degenerative conditions (e.g., steatosis), ongoing processes (e.g., cirrhosis), or existing states (e.g., calcinosis) in tissues or organs.

Question 5

-omegaly:

Answer 5

enlargement of tissues or organs (e.g., splenomegaly, hepatomegaly).

Question 6

-ectasiS

Answer 6

dilation or distention of tubular structures (e.g., bron- chiectasis, lymphangiectasis).

Question 7

-penia

Answer 7

a deficiency (e.g., osteopenia, cytopenia).

Question 8

-plasia

Answer 8

formation, growth, or cellular multiplication (e.g., aplasia, hypoplasia, hyperplasia).

Question 9

-trophy

Answer 9

nourishment, development (e.g., atrophy, hypertrophy).

Question 10

-genesis

Answer 10

Beginning, development, or production of something (e.g., agenesis, osteogenesis, carcinogenesis, pathogenesis).

Question 11

-cele

Answer 11

A distended space or sac within a tissue or organ (e.g., meningocele, hematocele).

Question 12

-oma

Answer 12

A mass or tumor, such as a granuloma or fibroma/fibrosarcoma, respectively.

Question 13

Characteristic of gross lesion

Answer 13

Distribution
Quantity
Shape
Size
Color
Firmness
Surface texture

Question 14

Specular highlights

Answer 14

Bright white areas of varied sizes and shapes that occur on the surfaces of tissues and organs in photographs

Question 15

Basic colors of normal tissues and organs

Answer 15

They are a mixture of color densities (light to dark) arising from the hues and/or shades of the five colors listed:
* white to gray: attributable to proteins, minerals, and lipids that contribute to the structure of the cells.
* yellow: attributable to substances such as lipids, carotene pigments, cytochromes, lipochromes, bilirubin, amyloid, and hemosiderin.
* red: attributable to blood (i.e., erythrocytes) flowing through or trapped within the circulatory system and microcirculation of the tissue or organ.
* brown: attributable to melanin pigments, myoglobin, cytochromes, bilirubin, hemosiderin, and hematin.
* black: attributable to melanin pigments and hematin or other exogenous pigments.

Question 16

How erythrocytes and the microcirculation determine, in part, the colors of normal tissues and organs?

Answer 16

(1) the oxygenation status of erythrocytes.
(2) the oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes.
(3) the quantity and distribution of the microcirculation.
(4) the number of erythrocytes in the microcirculation.
(5) the rate of flow of erythrocytes into, through, and out of the microcirculation.

Question 17

Distribution patterns of the lesion

Answer 17

1. Diffuse (entire organ)
2. Focal (Single focus)
3. Locally extensive (larger single focus): lesion that began as a small focus that has grown larger over time.
4. Multifocal (multiple foci): can develop in the targeted organ (e.g., infectious or neoplastic disease) or reflect embolization of microbes or metastasis of a neoplasm from a primary site in distant tissue or organ.

Question 18

What does the Involvement of the entire organ (Diffuse pattern) suggest?

Answer 18

(1) injury originating within the inborn metabolic processes of the parenchymal cells (e.g., storage diseases, lipidosis).
(2) injury arising from hematogenous spread of microbial or other toxins to the organ via the cardiovascular system (e.g., septicemia, toxemia).
(3) injury arising from changes in vascular flow through the organ attributable to dysfunction of the heart and/or vascular system (e.g., passive congestion).
(4) a highly infiltrative neoplasm (e.g., hematopoietic origin).

Question 19

What are the causes of a lesion occurring as a single focus in an organ?

Answer 19

(1) inborn alterations affecting one cell or one focus of cells (e.g., neoplasia).
(2) a solitary embolus (e.g., microbial, parasitic, or neoplastic).
(3) a direct extension pathway (e.g., parasitic larval migration).
(4) traumatic injury (e.g., penetrating wound).

Question 20

what may white to grey color of lesions indicate?

Answer 20

• Amyloid
• Anemia
• Atrophy
• Cell swelling
• Healing (fibrosis/granulation tissue)
• Hyperplasia
• Infarction
• Inflammation
• Mineralization (calcium/calcification)
• Necrosis
• Neoplasia
• Storage diseases

Question 21

what may yellow color of lesions indicate?

Answer 21

• Amyloid
• Chyle
• Congestion, chronic passive
• Edema fluid (hydroabdomen/hydroperitoneum/hydropericardium/
  hydrothorax)
• Fat necrosis/saponification
• Fatty change/steatosis (lipids)
• Pigmentation (bilirubin, carotene, ceroid, lipofuscin, hemosiderin)
• Storage diseases

Question 22

what may Red color of lesions indicate?

Answer 22

Congestion, acute passive
* Congestion, chronic passive
* Erosions/ulcerations
* Hemorrhage
* Hyperemia
* Infarction
* Inflammation
* Necrosis
* Thrombosis

Question 23

what may brown color of lesions indicate?

Answer 23

Congestion, chronic passive
* Pigmentation (melanin, bilirubin, hemosiderin, hematin)

Question 24

what may black color of lesions indicate?

Answer 24

• Endogenous pigmentation (melanin, hematin)
• Exogenous pigment (carbon, excretory pigment of Fascioloides
  magna)