Intro Flashcards
Discipline that studies the development and diseases of blood
Hematology
stopping of bleeding
Hemostasis
clot formation; formation of thrombus
Thrombosis
destroys fibrin, preventing blood clots
Fibrinolysis
Who described “worms” in the blood?
Athanasius Kircher
Who gave an account of RBCs?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Who described platelets as “petite plaques”?
Giulio Bizzozero
Who developed Wright stain?
James Homer Wright
Match:
a. Athanasius Kircher
b. Giulio Bizzozero
c. James Homer Wright
d. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- 1674
- 1902
- 1657
- 2000
a - 3
b - none
c - 2
d - 1
Categories of blood cells: (3)
- RBC
- WBC
- Platelets
includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma
Whole blood
small white layer of cells lying between the packed cell volume and plasma (leukocytes and platelets)
Buffy coat
Describe the plasma
liquid portion of unclotted blood (Pale yellow & Hazy due to fibrin)
Describe the serum
fluid that remains when blood coagulates (Clear and straw colored)
Anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells filled with a reddish protein
Red blood cells
Size of RBC and its zone of pallor
6-8 um ; pallor occupies 1/3
Main function of RBC
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
One factor why anemia occurs
Increase of blood destruction during the time of pathway
Loosely related category of cell types dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury
White blood cells
decreased/ low number of WBC count
Leukopenia
increased/ high WBC count
Leukocytosis
cancer of the blood including bone marrow & lymphatic system
Leukemia
1st line of defense
Skin
2nd line of defense
WBCs:
- Neutrophils – Bands
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
3rd line of defense
- Plasma Cells
- Natural Killer(NK) Cells
- Macrophage
Maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating wall repairs
Platelets
Main function of platelets
To stop bleeding
Meaning of OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Main objective of OSHA
To ensure safe and helpful working conditions for workers by setting the standard
the superficial veins of the antecubital fossa (bend in the elbow are the most common sites for venipuncture)
Venipuncture
Technique of choice to obtain a blood specimen from newborns, geriatric, pediatric, and patients with severe conditions such as burn
Skin puncture
Why should skin puncture procedure must be noted after the specimen was obtained?
Skin puncture specimens may generate slightly different test results
Collection site for patients under 1 year of age
lateral or medial plantar surface of the heel
Collection site for children older than 1 year; adults
palmar surface of the distal portion of the 3rd or 4th finger
The formation and Development of Blood Cells
Hematopoiesis
Bones Responsible to Produce Blood Cells
Long bones
Arrange:
Pluripotent
Union
Multipotent
Proliferation
Totipotent
Union→ Proliferation→Totipotent →Pluripotent →Multipotent
This occurs at the 19th day of gestation
Mesoblastic phase
When is formation of blood islands in yolk sac and aggregation of primitive cells happens?
19th day of gestation (2nd week of fetal life)
chief site of hematopoiesis production in embryonic phase
Yolk sac
Other term for mesoblastic phase
Embryonic phase
Future blood vessels
Angioblasts
Types of hemoglobin present during mesoblastic phase: (3)
- Gower 1
- Gower 2
- Portland
Hematopoietic phase wherein it occurs during 4-5 gestational weeks (Starts on the 2nd Month)
Hepatic phase
Chief site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase
Liver
When does fetal liver reaches its peak?
3rd month of fetal development/life
Detectable hemoglobin during the hepatic phase
a. Hb A
b. Hb A2
c. Hb F
Hematopoietic phase wherein Lymphoid cells start to appear (lifetime)
Hepatic phase
Hematopoietic phase wherein there is already recognizable clusters of developing erythroblasts , granulocytes and monocytes
Hepatic phase
1st fully developed organ; major site for T cell production (Cellular)
Thymus
produce B cell production of hepatic stage (Humoral Cell)
- Kidney
- Spleen
Other organ where Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, and
Megakaryocytes are seen
Lymph nodes
Match:
Spleen activity
a. Erythropoiesis
b. Myelopoiesis
c. Lymphopoiesis
- but becomes minimal by the 5th month
- until the end of normal gestation (splenic)
- lifetime
a. Erythropoiesis - 2. until the end of normal gestation (splenic)
b. Myelopoiesis - 1. but becomes minimal by the 5th month
c. Lymphopoiesis - 3. lifetime
Where does myeloid phase occurs?
Occurs in medulla – inner part of bone marrow
When does myeloid phase occurs?
Starts on the 5th month of fetal life
Chief side of medullary phase
Red Bone marrow
Measurable levels of these proteins are detectable during the medullary phase:
a. EPO (Erythropoietin)
b. G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)
c. GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
d. Hb F and Hb A2
Myeloid to Erythroid Ratio:
3:1
Mesenchymal cells that migrate into core of the bone and differentiate into skeletal and hematopoietic blood cells. HB A1 begins to appear and gradually increases in concentration.
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is true
b. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
c. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
d. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is true
Stage of hematopoiesis:
1st few hours after the ovum becomes fertilized; union between ovum and sperm cell → can develop into any human cell type + placental cells
Totipotent
Stage of hematopoiesis:
several days after fertilization → can develop into any cell type except the fetus
Pluripotent
Stage of hematopoiesis:
derived from pluripotent stem cells; limited only to specific type of cells (organ formation)
Multipotent
Involved in the proliferation and maturation of blood cells
Adult hematopoiesis
Bone marrow of the long bones are made up of?
- Osteoblast
- Osteoclasts
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone resorbing cells
Osteoclasts
