Intro

Question 1

1800’s

Answer 1

• Chinese Immigration
• Jesuits, missionaries, traders and white settlers also began coming to Canada and introduced indigenous people to alcohol.
• The Hudson Bay company and other colonial traders not only brought alcohol to Canada, they also brought their religion, laws and disease.
• 1868 – Indian Act and the start of cultural genocide.

Question 2

1900’s

Answer 2

• White settlers become increasingly threatened by Chinese immigrant workers, riots break out
• McKenzie King – places blame on Chinese workers for the increase in opium use among white people
• 1908 Opium Act prohibiting the non-medical use of opiates.
• Over time Act extended to the use of cannabis, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, ecstasy, tobacco, alcohol, inhalants and prescription & over-the-counter medications.
• It was illegial to smoke opium but you could still drink it etc because the Chinese immegrants used it through smoking
• 1920’s - Prohibition

Question 3

Prohibition

Answer 3

• Before prohibitin, men and women did not drink together. Drinking was more something men did
• 1920’s – Prohibition was introduced due to the increase of alcoholism
• The Speak Easy – underground pubs
• Al Capone – famous mobster
• Hoover gets elected president
• Pauline Sabin – Women’s Organization for * National Prohibition Reform
• Valentines day massacre - Violence increases between gangs.
• Speakeasy’s now from drinking with other men into drinking in underground pubs with women. So lots of frivolous sex
• Al Capone gave the alcohol to the spreakeasies
  a democrateic names Smith was anti prohibition and got the conversation going
• Probhition lasted about 8 years
• The Great Depression – prohibition put on the back burner
• Al Capone finally gets arrested…but the flow of liquor did not slow down one bit
• 1932 – Roosevelt becomes President
• Prohibition ends after 13 years

Question 4

Canada’s Drug Strategy

Answer 4

Key initiative by federal government
Addresses the harmful effects \1987: Government of Canada, 5-year, $210-million strategy to address concerns
1992: federal government renewed its commitment \1998: Four pillars were identified: education and prevention; treatment and rehabilitation; harm reduction; & enforcement and control
1998: Four pillars were identified: education and prevention; treatment and rehabilitation; harm reduction; & enforcement and control
2003, Government of Canada invested $245 million

Question 5

Criteria for Substance Use Disorder – DSM-5

Answer 5

The severity of the substance use disorder is defined by the number of criteria that are met. The criteria is divided up into 4 categories: impaired control, social impairment, risky use and pharmacological effects. There are 11 criteria in total.
2 – 3 criteria = MILD
4 – 5 criteria = MODERATE
6+ = SEVERE

Question 6

Addiction

Answer 6

An unhealthy relationship between a person and a mood-altering substance, experience, event or activity which contributes to life problems and their recurrence

2 types: ingestion or process

Question 7

Ingestion addiction

Answer 7

Substances that are deliberately ingested by an individual eg. Alcohol, cocaine etc.

Question 8

Process addiction

Answer 8

When one becomes hooked on a process - a specific series of actions/interactions (e.g., gambling, shopping or sex)

Question 9

Depressants

Answer 9

Benzo’s, alcohol, opiods

Question 10

Stimulants

Answer 10

Cocaine, adderal, ridilin, crystal meth, coffee, tabacco

Question 11

Hallucinogens

Answer 11

LSD, shrooms

Question 12

Cannabis

Answer 12

gets own category because it falls under all 3 categories

Question 13

Stages of Change

Answer 13

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Termination

Question 14

Pre-contemplation

Answer 14

, people are not thinking seriously about changing and are not interested in any kind of help. People in this stage tend to defend their current bad habit(s) and do not feel it is a problem. They may be defensive in the face of other people’s efforts to pressure them to change. In AA, this stage is called “denial,” but another way to describe this stage is that people just do not yet see themselves as having a problem.

to raise doubts, increase the perception of risks & problems

Question 15

Contemplation

Answer 15

people are on a teeter-totter, weighing the pros and cons of modifying their behavior. Although they think about the negative aspects of their bad habit and the positives associated with changing, they may doubt that the long-term benefits associated with change will outweigh the short-term costs.

tip the decisional balance, evoke reasons to change, risks of not changing, strengthen self-efficacy

Question 16

Preparation

Answer 16

people have made a commitment to make a change. Their motivation for changing is reflected by statements such as: “I’ve got to do something about this — this is serious. Something has to change. What can I do?”

This is sort of a research phase. They gather information (sometimes by reading things like this) about what they will need to do to change their behavior.

Help the client determine the best course of action to take in seeking change

Question 17

Action

Answer 17

people are motivated to change their behavior and are actively involved in taking steps to change their bad behavior by using a variety of different techniques.

Help the client take steps towards change

Question 18

Maintenance

Answer 18

being able to successfully avoid any temptations to return to the bad habit. The goal of the maintenance stage is to maintain the new status quo. People in this stage tend to remind themselves of how much progress they have made.

Help the client identify & use strategies to prevent relapse

Question 19

Abstinence Model

Answer 19

Also referred to as Disease Model (1960s)
Defines addiction as a unique, irreversible and progressive disease that cannot be cured, but can arrested through abstinence.
Causes for addiction: abnormal inherent in the individual & constitutional disease or disorder
Treatment includes: identification and confrontation of the addiction disease, medical intervention and counselling support
How: peer groups, 12 step, rehab etc.
Goal: Life long sobriety

Question 20

Harm Reduction Model

Answer 20

Emerged in Dutch drug policy in the 1970s and 1980’s from concern about the social integration of people who use drugs back into society.
Received attention in Canada in the 1990s, the general public heard about it more in 2003 with the emergence of Insite
“Harm Reduction differs from current models in that it does not require individuals to remove their primary coping mechanism until new coping mechanism are in place. Thus, creating an easier more obtainable avenue for desired behavioral change.” – Michael Scavuzzo, Harm Reduction Advocate
Policy designed to decrease the harms associated with drug use without expecting cessation of drug use.
Focus is on prevention harms linked to drug use, not preventing drug use itself
Often leads to abstinence

Question 21

HR Programs in Canada

Answer 21

Substitution treatment (methadone clinics, tobacco replacement therapy)
Needle exchange (street nursing)
Safer injection sites (Insite)
Peer programs
Managed drinking programs (Impaired driving programs)

Question 22

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 22

States there are biological, psychological and sociological reasons for addiction
Multidimensional
Multidisciplinary
Attempts to unify competing addiction theories into an integrated conceptual framework
Focuses on the treatment of the whole person, not just the addiction
Others have expanded the concept to reflect the multiple pathways to addiction such as genetic predisposition, learned behavior, the need for self-medication, and the impact of one’s family