Intro

Question 1

Thermodynamics

Answer 1

predicts whether a particular chemical reaction can occur

Question 2

Kinetics

Answer 2

information about the speed of reaction

Question 3

Gibbs Free Energy

Answer 3

Energy (enthalpy) and/ or Entropy driven

delta G = deltaH = TdeltaS

Delta G is negative

Question 4

Soil Processes: Intraphase

Answer 4

changes in element speciation within a phase

Question 5

Soil Processes: interphase

Answer 5

transfer of matter between phases; ex- CO2 to plant biomass to SOM

Question 6

Soil chemical POV: Multiphase

Answer 6

porous materials whose voids contain air and solution

Question 7

Soil chemical POV: Multicomponent

Answer 7

soil matrix, soil air, and soil solution are each a mixture of reactive chemical compounds

Question 8

Soil Chemical POV: open

Answer 8

exchange both matter and energy with the surrounding atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere

Question 9

Soil Chemical POV: biogeochemical

Answer 9

biological and chemical transformations link soils with the atmosphere and hydrosphere producing fluxes that are of global significance

Question 10

Electronegativity

Answer 10

increases bottom-up and left to right

Question 11

Atomic radii

Answer 11

increases top to bottom and right to left

Question 12

covalent bonding

Answer 12

sharing of electron pairs; occur between atoms of similar electronegativity; strongest 50-100 kcal/mol; short ranges; increases bond order proportional to increased strength of covalent bond

Question 13

ionic bonding

Answer 13

occur between ions of opposite charge; opposite end of the periodic table; relatively strong bonds; long-range bonds; COMMON FOR SOIL MINERALS

Question 14

If the ionic character % is 51 what does that mean

Answer 14

is means that the bonds are more covalent

Question 15

ion-dipole bonding

Answer 15

shorter range; related to r^2; weaker than ionic and covalent

Question 16

Dipole

Answer 16

a separation of charge within a molecule; ex water molecule

Question 17

examples of ion-dipole forces

Answer 17

cation and anion hydration in water- Al3+ will hydrate more strongly than K+ because it has a more dense charge radius

Question 18

dipole-dipole bonding

Answer 18

occurs by orienting oppositely charged ends towards one another

Question 19

H-bonding

Answer 19

weak electrostatic bond between H and highly electronegative atoms (N, O, Cl, F)

Question 20

Van Der Waals forces

Answer 20

weak attraction between nonpolar/apolar molecules; imbalances in electron distribution produce instantaneous dipoles; extremely short range

Question 21

The hydrophobic effect

Answer 21

The exclusion of nonpolar substances from an aqueous solution

Question 22

aggregation of hydrophobic molecules does what

Answer 22

frees up water molecules to increase the configural entropy of the system

Question 23

amphiphilic

Answer 23

assembly (molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions): micelles, lipid bilayers, vesicles, proteins.

Question 24

bonding is rarely exclusively one of a kind

Answer 24

in soil minerals most bonds are composite of both covalent and ionic character