Intrinsic Factors

Question 1

Name the intrinsic factors (physical preparation).

Answer 1

Training,
Warm up,
Cool down,
Fitness levels,
Overuse,
Muscle imbalance.

Question 2

Define ‘training’ (physical preparation).

Answer 2

Overtraining can put too much stress on the body when it’s not physically ready. Incorrect training is not allowing muscles to recover from exercise which can lead to muscle pain and stiffness resulting in chronic injury.

Question 3

Define ‘warm up’ (physical preparation).

Answer 3

Failing to warm up or warming up incorrectly can lead to muscle strains due to the blood not being able to flow to the muscles or increasing the muscle fibres.
This means the body is not prepared for exercise.

Question 4

What does ‘Tiny Worms Crawl Forward Over Mud’ stand for (physical preparation)?

Answer 4

Training,
Warm up,
Cool down,
Fitness levels,
Overuse,
Muscle imbalance.

Question 5

Define ‘cool down’ (physical preparation).

Answer 5

Helps to keep the blood circulating to stop blood pooling and it helps to remove waste products (lactic acid) from the muscles. Reduces likelihood of muscle pain and swelling.

Question 6

Define ‘fitness levels’ (physical preparation).

Answer 6

When an individual is involved in sport regularly they are most likely to suffer from sports injuries. In weight bearing exercises such as running injuries are more likely to occur due to the impact on the feet, ankles and shins.

Lower fitness levels are linked to an increase in medical conditions such as heart disease.

Question 7

Define ‘overuse’ (physical preparation).

Answer 7

Using the same muscles over and over again.

An overuse injury is any type of muscle or joint injury, such as tendonitis which is caused by repetitive trauma.

Question 8

Define ‘muscle imbalance’ (physical preparation).

Answer 8

Muscle imbalances when one muscle is stronger than it’s opposing muscle e.g. The hamstrings and quadriceps.

When your muscles become imbalanced , the stronger ones overcompensate the weaker ones. The weaker ones fatigue more easily and force the stronger muscles to work harder. Over time the muscles will break down and may develop overuse injuries.

Question 9

Name the individual variables that can increase the risk of injury.

Answer 9

Gender,
Age,
Flexibility,
Nutrition,
Sleep,
Previous/recurring injuries.

Question 10

Why does gender (individual variable) influence the risk of injury?

Answer 10

Men and women have different strengths therefore it would be unfair for them to compete against each other.

Question 11

Why does nutrition (individual variable) influence the risk of injury?

Answer 11

If an individual is eating the right food they will generally be healthier which would grow their strength and give them more energy.

If someone didn’t have the right nutrition they will become fatigued easily.

Question 12

What are the psychological factors?

Answer 12

Motivation,
Aggression,
Arousal,
Anxiety.

Question 13

What are the types of motivation (psychological factors)?

Answer 13

Intrinsic motivation

Extrinsic motivation

Question 14

What is intrinsic motivation (psychological factors)?

Answer 14

Motivated by the feeling of pride and enjoyment when you have been successful. Inner desire to overcome a problem or task.

Question 15

What is extrinsic motivation (psychological factors)?

Answer 15

Motivated by external sources outside of the performer e.g. money, trophies, praise from others, reward, recognition.

Question 16

What is motivation (psychological factors)?

Answer 16

Motivation is a combination of the drive within us to achieve our aims and the outside factors which effect it.

Question 17

What happens when you are under motivated (psychological factors)?

Answer 17

You are not motivated by trophies, praise or rewards you may lack concentration and focus during a sporting activity.

EXAMPLE
In boxing this could cause a boxer to drop his guard and be hit by the opponent resulting in a facial injury such as a cut or bruise.

Question 18

What happens if you are over motivated (psychological factors)?

Answer 18

You are desperate to be rewarded with an intrinsic or extrinsic reward, this could also result in an injury occurring.

EXAMPLE
A loosing team in the cup final in football could end up fouling a player in the penalty box due to them desperately trying to prevent the opposition from scoring a goal. This would not only result in a penalty to the other team but could cause an injury to the opponent or themselves for sliding in and possibly using he incorrect technique due to being over motivated.

Question 19

What is aggression (psychological factors)?

Answer 19

It’s any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming another player.

Question 20

What is hostile aggression (psychological factors)?

Answer 20

The main aim is to cause injury or harm to an opponent.

Question 21

What is instrumental aggression (psychological factors)?

Answer 21

Achieving a goal by using aggression.

EXAMPLE
A rugby player using aggression to tackle an opponent to win the ball. An example of aggression could be when the player retaliates to a hard tackle by punching an opponent. This could be a result of not agreeing with the tackle. Thank could lead to a bruise, cut or fracture.

Question 22

What is arousal (psychological factors)?

Answer 22

It’s an individual’s level of excitement and readiness to perform.

Question 23

What is over arousal (psychological factors)?

Answer 23

Where a performer feels overly ‘psyched up’ for a game or match. This can cause individual to perform hard tackles in football due to being over exited.

Question 24

What is under arousal (psychological factors)?

Answer 24

A performer appears to be acting lazy, sluggish and not prepared for activity.

EXAMPLE
In rugby this could lead to injury as a person may not react quickly to oncoming players who may tackle them. Being unprepared in this way could lead to the player falling awkwardly and injuring themselves.

Question 25

What is anxiety (psychological factors)?

Answer 25

Anxiety is a feeling of worry, nervousness or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.

An athlete suffering from anxiety will usually underachieve. In sport it’s linked to a lack of concentration and focus.

EXAMPLE
In basketball the player may not be focusing on the game. A team mate could try and pass the ball to them but due to a lack of focus this could cause them to become injured by the ball due to them not focusing and catching the ball. This could cause an acute injury such as a bruise.

Question 26

Name all the causes of bad posture (posture).

Answer 26

Poor stance,
Sitting positions,
Physical defects,
Lack of exercise,
Fatigue,
Emotional factors,
Clothing/footwear.

Question 27

How can poor posture happen from a stance/gait (posture)?

Answer 27

Bending your knees or hunching your shoulders while standing etc.

Question 28

How can you sitting positions give you bad posture (posture)?

Answer 28

Slumping/slouching on the sofa rather than sitting upright etc.

Would lead to kyphosis.

Question 29

How can physical defects side poor posture(posture)?

Answer 29

Muscles are weakened around an injured area from a previous injury.

Question 30

How can a lack of exercise lead to poor posture (posture)?

Answer 30

Lack of core muscles strength means less support. Another example would be when someone is overweight it can put a strain on posture.

Question 31

How can fatigue cause poor posture (posture)?

Answer 31

Tired muscles are unable to support the skelton properly and cause people to slouch.

Question 32

How can emotional factors effect poor posture (posture)?

Answer 32

When someone has a low self esteem/lack of confidence, this can effect posture. People may now tend to slouch, look down when they are walking and have hunched shoulders.

Question 33

How can clothing/footwear cause poor posture (posture)?

Answer 33

Wearing shoes with high heels can cause people to lean forward which effects their posture.

Question 34

Name all the sports injuries relating to posture (posture)?

Answer 34

Pelvic tilt,
Lordosis,
Kyphosis,
Round shoulders,
Scoliosis.

Question 35

Give the signs/symptoms of pelvic tilt (posture)?

Answer 35

Difference in length of legs which causes more weight put on one side of the pelvis.

The person will often seem unbalanced.

Question 36

How does pelvic tilt increase the risk of injury in sport (posture)?

Answer 36

Could lead to a chronic injury such as a stress fracture.

Poor balance could lead to a fall resulting in an acute injury such as a cut or bruise.

Pain around the pelvic area will mean contact sports can cause increased pain if/when muscles are touched by an opponent.

Question 37

Give the signs/symptoms of lordosis (posture).

Answer 37

The spine in the lower back is excessively curved.

Individuals have a visible arch in their lower backs.

People with lordosis often stick out their stomach and buttocks.

Question 38

How does lordosis increase the risk of injury in sport (posture)?

Answer 38

Leads to excessive pressure on the spine causing pain.

Reduced flexibility which is required in many sports such as gymnastics.

Question 39

Give the signs/symptoms of kyphosis (posture).

Answer 39

Curvature of the spine which causes the top of the back to appear more rounded than normal.

Question 40

How does kyphosis increase the risk of injury (posture)?

Answer 40

Causes back pain and stiffness making participation in sport difficult.

Tiredness is aslo associated which decreases focus, concentration and ability to react quickly e.g. reacting to the ball quickly in tennis.

Some people may have to wear a back brace which also limits their participation in sport.

Question 41

What are the signs/symptoms of round shoulders (posture).

Answer 41

Shoulders appear to lean further forward than normal. Upper back aslo bends forward.

Question 42

How does round shoulders increase the risk of injury in sport?

Answer 42

Linked to shoulder and neck and pain.

Tight muscles in the neck and shoulder area reduces agility and movements successfully in sport due to pain and reduced flexibility.

Question 43

Give the signs/symptoms of scoliosis (posture).

Answer 43

Abnormal curvature of the spine shape.

S shape.

Uneven arm/leg lengths.

One shoulder (blade)/hip being higher/more prominent than the other.

Uneven musculature in the back .

Leaning to one side/spine bending either to the left/right or not being able to stand straight or bend properly.

Question 44

How does scoliosis increase the risk of injury in sport (posture)?

Answer 44

Increase risk of fractures because of weak bones.