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Intrinsic Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Modified BORG Dyspnea Scale ask patients?

A

Patients are asked ‘How much difficulty is your breathing causing you right now?’

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2
Q

What are the scoring points of the Modified BORG Dyspnea Scale?

A
  • 0 Nothing at all
  • 0.5 Very, very slight (just noticeable)
  • 1 Very slight
  • 2 Slight
  • 3 Moderate
  • 4 Somewhat severe
  • 5 Severe
  • 7 Very severe
  • 9 Very, very severe (almost maximal)
  • 10 Maximal
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3
Q

What is Spirometry used to measure?

A
  • Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV)
  • Forced vital capacity (FVC)
  • Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
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4
Q

What does Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) measure?

A
  • O2 uptake
  • CO2 removal
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5
Q

What are the typical values for pH in arterial blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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6
Q

What is the typical range for PaO2 in kPa?

A

10.7 to 13.3 kPa (80 - 100 mmHg)

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7
Q

What is the typical range for PaCO2 in kPa?

A

4.7 to 6.0 kPa (35 to 45 mmHg)

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8
Q

What is the typical range for HCO3 in mmol/L?

A

22 - 26 mmol/L

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9
Q

What does a Base excess of -2 to +2 indicate?

A

Calculated relative excess or deficit of base in arterial blood

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10
Q

What conditions can chest X-rays diagnose?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Emphysema
  • Mass or nodule in the lung
  • Pleural effusion
  • Rib fracture
  • Tuberculosis
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Enlarged heart
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11
Q

What is a typical respiratory rate for a newborn?

A

60 breaths per minute

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12
Q

At what age can a child have a respiratory rate of 18 rpm?

A

12 years old

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13
Q

What are some common causes of respiratory distress in children?

A
  • Upper respiratory infections (e.g., croup, influenza)
  • Lower respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchiolitis)
  • Bacterial infections (e.g., bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis)
  • Allergies
  • Asthma
  • Tobacco smoke (second-hand smoke)
  • Inhalation of foreign bodies
  • Genetic conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis)
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14
Q

What are some symptoms of respiratory distress in children?

A
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased heart rate
  • Colour changes (e.g., bluish around mouth or fingernails)
  • Noises (e.g., stridor, wheezing, grunting)
  • Nose flaring
  • Retractions of the chest
  • Sweating
  • Accessory muscle use
  • Changes in conscious state
  • Specific body positions to improve breathing
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15
Q

What is the ABCDE approach in pediatric respiratory assessment?

A

Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Exposure

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16
Q

What are normal breath sounds?

A
  • Bronchial
  • Vesicular
17
Q

What are abnormal breath sounds?

A
  • Crackles
  • Rhonchi
  • Wheeze
  • Pleural friction rub
18
Q

What does the presence of pleuritic chest pain indicate?

A

Possible pleural or tracheal inflammation

19
Q

What factors can cause chest pain in respiratory patients?

A
  • Musculoskeletal pain
  • Pleuritic pain
  • Tracheitis
  • Angina pectoris
  • Pericarditis
20
Q

What are some vital signs to assess during a general examination?

A
  • Temperature
  • Pulse
  • Respiratory rate
  • Blood pressure
  • Oxygen saturation (SpO2)
21
Q

What is the expected sound during percussion over the lungs?

22
Q

What does hyper-resonance indicate?

A

Possible hyperinflation (e.g., emphysema, pneumothorax, asthma)

23
Q

What are the signs of respiratory distress in ICU patients?

A
  • Mode of ventilation
  • Route of ventilation
  • Level of consciousness
  • Central venous pressure (CVP)
  • Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)
24
Q

What is Hoover’s sign?

A

Paradoxical movement of the lower chest in patients with severe chronic airflow limitation

25
What is vocal fremitus?
Measure of speech vibrations transmitted through the chest wall
26
What is the grading system for dyspnea by the American Thoracic Society?
* Grade 0 - none * Grade 1 - mild * Grade 2 - moderate * Grade 3 - severe * Grade 4 - very severe
27
What does a cough increase in respiratory patients?
Intra-abdominal pressure, which may lead to urinary leakage
28
What does 'dyspnea' refer to?
Difficulty in breathing
29
What can cause a change in color of respiratory secretions?
* Blood streaked - inflammation or cancer * Pink - alveolar bleeding * Green - possible infection * Rust - pneumococcal bacteria * Brownish - chronic bronchitis * Yellowish - pus * Whitish grey - chronic allergic bronchitis
30
What is chronic allergic bronchitis characterized by?
White, milky or opaque (mucoid) sputum ## Footnote Chronic allergic bronchitis is often associated with viral infections or allergies like asthma.
31
What type of sputum is associated with pulmonary edema?
Frothy pink sputum ## Footnote Severe pulmonary edema can present with frothy pink sputum.
32
What does black or black specks in sputum indicate?
Smoke inhalation (fires, tobacco, heroin), coal dust ## Footnote This can occur due to exposure to harmful substances.
33
What is an essential part of a respiratory assessment?
A comprehensive subjective and objective component ## Footnote This ensures a complete understanding of the client's function and baseline.
34
What components should be included in a subjective assessment?
* History of present illness * Site, Intensity, Type, Aggravating factor and Relieving factor (SITAR) * Onset * Location * Duration * Characteristics * Current situation * Effect on activity of daily living (ADL) * Previous diagnosis * Previous treatment ## Footnote These components help to guide the objective assessment.
35
What factors should be considered when assessing breathlessness?
* Level of function * Exercise tolerance * Shortness of breath at rest * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) * Associated swelling of ankles or recent weight gain * Activities leading to sudden breathlessness * Constant breathlessness ## Footnote These considerations help in understanding the severity and cause of breathlessness.
36
What types of sputum colors indicate possible conditions?
* Blood streaked - inflammation of throat * Greenish - possible infection * Brownish - chronic bronchitis * Yellowish/green (mucopurulent) - bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia * Frothy pink - pulmonary edema * White, milky or opaque (mucoid) - viral infection ## Footnote The color of sputum can provide important diagnostic information.
37
What past medical history aspects should be assessed in respiratory evaluations?
* Thoracic, nasal, pharyngeotracheal trauma or surgery * Hospitalization for pulmonary disorders * Use of ventilation-assisting devices * Respiratory disorders (asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, TB, bronchitis, emphysema) * Other chronic disorders (cardiac, cancer, blood clotting) * Allergies * Immunization history * Diabetes Mellitus/Tuberculosis/Blood pressure/asthma ## Footnote This history can reveal potential risk factors and underlying conditions.
38
What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of cough?
* Onset: sudden or gradual * Duration: Acute (< 3 weeks), Persistent (> 3 weeks), Chronic (> 8 weeks) * Nature: Dry irritation; Wet signs of infection * Type: Mucoid; Mucopurulent; Frothy pulmonary edema; Rusty (blood) TB, lobar pneumonia * Odour: foul infection * Productive of sputum * Clearing throat regularly ## Footnote Understanding these signs can assist in diagnosing the underlying cause of the cough.
39

Cardioresp (4 decks)

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