Intravenous Therapy

Question 0

Relate the structure and function of skin layers

Answer 0

The epidermis is an elastic layer on the outside that includes the following:

Keratinocytes - the main cells of the epidermis formed by cell division at its base. New cells continually move towards the surface.
Corneocytes - the flattened dead keratinocytes that together make up the very outer layer of the epidermis
Melanocytes – produce melanin that protects against UV radiation and gives skin its colour.
The dermis is the inner layer that includes the following:
Sweat glands – produce sweat that travels via sweat ducts to openings in the epidermis called pores.
Hair follicles – are pits in which hairs grow.
Sebaceous glands – produce sebum (an oil) to keep hairs free from dust and bacteria.
The subcutaneous layer under the dermis - made up of connective tissue and fat (a good insulator).

Question 1

Identify the functions of the skin

Answer 1

Protection of the human body
Sensation
Temperature regulation
Excretion from the body of certain types of waste materials
Endocrine function e.g. re. Vitamin D

Question 2

Role of the skin in infection protection

Answer 2

Outer line barrier
Excretion
Sebum
Shedding

Question 3

Changes in skin related to age

Answer 3

Skin becomes rougher.
Skin develops lesions such as benign tumors.
Skin becomes slack. The loss of the elastic tissue (elastin)
Skin becomes more transparent.
Skin becomes more fragile.
Skin becomes more easily bruised due to thinner blood vessel walls .

Question 4

Components of the heart

Answer 4

Heart-four-chambered muscular organ which pumps blood
Veins- carry blood to the heart
Capillaries- exchange of nutrients and metabolites across their walls between the blood and the tissue fluid.
Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
Blood- special type of body tissue

Question 5

Structure of the heart

Answer 5

Layers of the Heart Wall

The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium.

Chambers of the Heart

The internal cavity of the heart is divided into four chambers:

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Valves of the Heart

The valves between the atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves (also called cuspid valves), while those at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles are called semilunar valves.

The right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve. The left atrioventricular valve is the bicuspid, or mitral, valve. The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve. The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the aortic semilunar valve

Question 6

Blood vessel structure

Answer 6

Blood vessels are the channels which blood is distributed to body tissues. Based on their structure and function, blood vessels are classified as either arteries, capillaries, or veins

Question 7

Difference between veins and arteries

Answer 7

Veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries carry the oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
The jugular veins bring deoxygenated blood from the head to the heart. The carotid artery supplies the head with oxygenated blood.

Question 8

Endothelial cell function

Answer 8

Barrier function - the endothelium acts as a barrier controlling the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream.
Excessive or prolonged increases in permeability of the endothelial monolayermay lead to tissue edema/swelling.
Blood clotting
Inflammation
Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and hence the control of blood pressure

Question 9

Purpose of water in the body

Answer 9

Cell life
Chemical and metabolic reactions
Transport of nutrients
Body temperature regulation
Elimination of waste

Question 10

What is the difference between insensible and sensible fluid loss?

Answer 10

sensible fluid losses ar those the person is aware of such as through wound drainage, GI tract losses and urination.
Insensible fluid losses may occur without the person’s awareness. Insensible losses occur daily through the skin and lungs.

Question 11

Average water intake requirements

Answer 11

8 cups

Question 12

Osmolarity

Answer 12

Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Since the volume of solution changes with the amount of solute added as well as with changes in temperature and pressure, osmolarity is difficult to determine.

Question 13

Osmolality

Answer 13

Osmolality is a measure of the moles (or osmoles) of solute per kilogram of solvent expressed as (mol/kg, molal, or m). Since the amount of solvent will remain constant regardless of changes in temperature and pressure, osmolality is easier to evaluate

Question 14

What organs are involved in homeostasis?

Answer 14

Skin, hypothalamus, skeletal muscles, arterioles of skin, sweat glands, adrenal glands and thyroid gland

Question 15

Anion and cations in extracellular space

Answer 15

Within the extracellular fluid, the major cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride

Question 16

Cation in intracellular space

Answer 16

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium

Question 17

Acids and alkaline(bases)

Answer 17

ACIDS
Have a pH value less than pH 7

ALKALIS
Have a pH value more than pH 7
Can neutralise an acid
A strong alkali (like caustic soda) is VERY dangerous.

NEUTRAL LIQUIDS
A neutral liquid is one with a pH value equal to pH 7.
examples: water, salt (sodium chloride) solution, sugar solution

Question 18

Kidney role in PH balance

Answer 18

To regulate acid-base balance, the kidneys:
Secrete hydrogen ions
Reabsorb sodium and bicarbonate ions
Acidify phosphate salts
Produce ammonia

Question 19

PH of blood

Answer 19

pH 7.35–7.45

Question 20

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 20

occurs when the body produces too much acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.

Question 21

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 21

Respiratory acidosis is a medical condition in which decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) causes increased blood carbon dioxide concentration and decreased pH (a condition generally called acidosis).

Question 22

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 22

Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range ( 7.35-7.45 ). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate

Question 23

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 23

(noun) Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration (hyperventilation) elevates the blood pH

Question 24

Lung role in PH maintainable

Answer 24

When blood pH drops too low (acidemia), the body compensates by increasing breathing thereby expelling CO2, shifting the above reaction to the left such that less hydrogen ions are free; thus the pH will rise back to normal.

Question 25

Isotonic crystalloid solutions

Answer 25

An isotonic crystalloid solution is typically used in volume replacement for the management of shock. The two most common fluids are normal saline and lactated ringer’s.

Question 26

Colloid solutions

Answer 26

IV fluids containing large proteins and molecules that tend to stay within the vascular space (blood vessels).

Question 27

Hypertonic crystalloid solution

Answer 27

A crystalloid solution that has a higher concentration of electrolytes than the body plasma and causes water to shift from the extravascular spaces into the bloodstream,

Question 28

Hypotonic crystalloid solution

Answer 28

crystalloid solution that has a lower concentration of electrolytes than the body plasma. The administration of a hypotonic crystalloid causes water to shift from the intravascular space to the extravascular space and eventually into the tissue cells