intrauterine first and second trimester losses Flashcards
A 24 yo gravida 1, para 0 at 6 weeks gestational age (GA) complains of vaginal spotting and crampy suprapubic pain x 1 day. This is a planned pregnancy and she is very anxious. She states, “Could stress at work cause me to lose the baby?”
Your patient is examined and is found to have a closed internal os. Her blood type is A positive. The serum bHCG is 6,724 mIU/mL. Transvaginal ultrasound reveals an embryo measuring 6 weeks, 5 days estimated gestational age (EGA).
There is a fetal heartbeat.
You inform the patient of these results, and caution her of the risk of pregnancy loss. She expresses her understanding but is very relieved.
abortion
-loss or termination <20 wks or weighs <500 gm
-miscarriage is a lay term -> avoid in documentation
-Pregnancy loss -> appropriate
-Voluntary / elective termination of pregnancy (VTOP or ETOP) -> abortion that pt seeks out
-Dobbs v. Jackson -> must be cautious about terms in the medical record
1st trimester loss
-A nonviable, intrauterine pregnancy in the first 13 weeks with either:
-Empty gestational sac, OR
-gestational sac with embryo w/o fetal heart activity
-picture- risk of first trimester loss by maternal age
-by 40 you have a 40% change of loss
1st trimester loss: epidemiology
-10% of pregnancies are lost -> 80% in 1st trimester
-More common in:
-AMA
-Prior hx of 1st trimester loss
-Most lost before pt knows of pregnancy (chemical pregnancy)
-Menses may be slightly heavier or longer than usual
-50% are due to chromosomal abnormalities:
-Trisomies (trisomy 21 [Down’s syndrome], and trisomies 13, 18, and 22) -> MCC
-Ds that cause loss -> infection, poorly controlled diabetes, thyroid ds, and lupus
-Radiation therapy
-Alcohol abuse
-Smoking
-Excessive caffeine use (>5 cups of coffee/day)
-Occupational toxic exposure
types of 1st trimester spontaneous losses
-Threatened abortion
-Inevitable abortion
-Incomplete abortion
-Complete abortion
-Septic abortion
-Missed abortion
-threatened abortion -> inevitable abortion -> incomplete abortion -> complete abortion
-they can become each other
remember the discriminatory zone?
-β-hCG at which intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) should be visible on US
-If β-hCG above threshold and no IUP is seen -> ectopic or early nonviable pregnancy should be suspected.
-IUP (visualization of a yolk sac or fetal pole) is visible at a bHCG of:
-1500 mIU/ml on transvaginal u/s
-6000 mIU/ml for transabdominal u/s
-ex. pt at 3,000 with no IUP seen on transvaginal -> ectopic or early nonviable suspected
gestational sac seen on transvaginal US
embryo with yolk sac
yolk sac with fetal pole
threatened abortion
-crampy pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding in first 20wks with intrauterine gestation and closed internal os
-how do you know its closed -> use your finger -> you cant open it with just your finger
-1st trimester vaginal bleeding occurs in 25% of pts -> can be yeast infection, sex, etc.
-scanty blood
threatened abortion: hx and point of care testing
-amenorrhea or missed period
-vaginal bleeding
-crampy bilateral lower quadrant (BLQ) pain
-positive pregnancy test
threatened abortion: PE findings
-Mild bilateral lower quadrant tenderness
-Blood in vaginal vault- Usually scanty
-Internal os is CLOSED
-Uterus is usually appropriately enlarged
-No significant adnexal masses or tenderness
workup of threatened abortion
-urine and serum pregnancy test
-ABO, Rh
-pelvic US
-consider CBC if bleeding is heavy (usually not) -> its scanty bleeding but things can change (its a continuum sometimes)
ultrasound findings: threatened abortion
-if the bHCG is past the discriminatory zone -> US is often consistent with +intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), perhaps with fetal cardiac activity visible depending on gestation age
crown-rump length
-US measurement of embryo from top of head to bottom of torso
-measurable in eval of pt with a threatened abortion
-picture- the entire thing is an embryo
management of threatened abortion
-if pt has a documented IUP on US that falls within parameters -> reassure pt and counsel about increased risk of spontaneous AB
-if there is no IUP on US -> r/o ectopic and counsel pt for threatened AB and ectopic dx
-administer Rho (D) immune globulin to all pts who are Rh negative
-observe- this is all you can do
-educate pt there is an increased risk of abortion throughout the pregnancy, ectopics
-if you have not documented an IUP via US -> you must provide ectopic precautions:
-Go to ED with: worsened pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain (irritation of the phrenic nerve if ectopic ruptures)
-Consider obtaining serum quantitative bHCG (doubles every 48hrs)
-Document that you provided ectopic precautions
-Important medicolegal matter
inevitable and incomplete abortions
-inevitable ab: Rupture of amniotic sac or dilation of internal os prior to 20 wks
-if sac is ruptured -> no going back
-incomplete abortion: Passage of some products of conception prior to 20 wks
-Amenorrhea or missed period
-Vaginal bleeding
-heavier than threatened abortion
-May be profuse: ask about S&S of volume depletion and tampon / pad count
-significant bleeding = soaking 2 pads or more in a hour for > 2 hrs -> ER
-Crampy BLQ pain
-With incomplete AB: possible hx of passage of products of conception (POC)
-Positive urine pregnancy test
rules
-If pt is bleeding into their shoes, that’s an impressive amount of blood loss
-If pt is bleeding into your shoes, the patient needs to be transfused
inevitable and incomplete abortions: PE and data
-PE findings:
-Mild, moderate BLQ tenderness
-Blood in vaginal vault
-Internal os is OPEN!
-With incomplete AB: possible products of conception (POC) at os
-Uterus is usually appropriately enlarged
-No significant adnexal masses or tenderness
-Laboratory data:
-Obtain urine and serum bHCG
-CBC, ABO/Rh typing, possible type and crossmatch
management of inevitable AB
-may manage expectantly -> but higher risk of septic abortion if rupture of amniotic sac
-medical and surgical management is same as incomplete AB
-be mindful of state laws that may well govern what you are able to offer in such cases
initial management of suspected inevitable/incomplete AB
-check vitals; evaluate orthostatics
-if pt is orthostatic or bleeding heavily (soaking >2 pads/hr x 2 consecutive hrs), then:
-large bore IV
-Administer isotonic fluids (normal saline, lactated Ringer’s solution)
-Type and screen (for Rh status also)
-Possible type & crossmatch
-Obtain US of pelvis
-Measure gestational sac, if visible
management of inevitable/incomplete abortion: medical
-helps empty the uterus -> contraction of uterus
-misoprostol with or w/o mifepristone
-misoprostol 800mcg orally x 1 dose if gestational sac is <2cm in diameter on US
-may repeat in 3 hrs and within 7 days if pt doesnt respond to 1st dose
-may also administer mifepristone 200mg:
-may be more effective in complete expulsion than with misoprostol alone
-> access can be problematic due to Dobbs v. Jackson
-pain meds:
-ketorolac
-morphine
-for Rh neg pts -> administer immune globulin
-expectant: watchful waiting (30mins); tincture of time, if bleeding is not heavy
surgical management of inevitable/incomplete AB
-surgical: suction curettage (may be done in ED, office, or OR
->2cm gestational sac
-evacuation of uterus:
-manual vacuum aspiration- 1st line
-electrical vacuum suction curettage
-most clinicians will administer PO doxycycline x 1 single dose, x 3 days, or x 7 days with surgical evacuation of uterus
-aftercare:
-Check pathology
-Check Rh
-If negative, give Rho D immune globulin (RhoGAM) to prevent isoimmunization
-No sexual relations x 1-2 weeks
-May either attempt conception thereafter or may start contraception immediately after procedure
manual vacuum aspiration (MVA)
-prior to MVA, suction curettage was performed
-MVA is portable; can be performed in ED; etc.
-less painful than suction curettage
-less disruptive to tissue for pathological analysis
-may be performed through 1st trimester