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Patient Care II > Intraoral Exams > Flashcards

Intraoral Exams Flashcards

1
Q

What should you look for during an intraoral exam?

A

Cancer
Signs of systemic ds.
Tissue trauma
Infections
Pain
Esthetic concerns
Occlusal dysfunction

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2
Q

HPV is an underlying cause of as many as _____ percent of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas

A

72%

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3
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

involving the removal of part or all of the suspicious area of tissue and microscopic evaluation by a pathologist to determine its histological makeup

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4
Q

What is the gold standard for determining a definitive diagnosis?

A

biopsy

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5
Q

What percent of oral cancers are squamous cell?

A

90%

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6
Q

What percent of all cancer is squamous cell?

A

3%

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7
Q

What is the 5-year survival rate of oral cancer?

A

57%

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8
Q

Oral cancer affects men __ times more than women

A

2 times

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9
Q

What percent of oral cancers are found in stages I and II?

A

40%

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10
Q

What percent of oral cancers are found in stages III or IV?

A

60%

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11
Q

What is the survival rate of cancers found in stage I and II?

A

80-90%

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12
Q

What is the survival rate of cancers found in stage III and IV?

A

33% survival for 3 years
67% recurrence in 2 years

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13
Q

What words do you use to describe a lesion?

A

number
size
shape
color
profile
base
border
texture

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for developing oral cancer?

A
  • Tobacco (#1 overall)
  • Alcohol (#2 overall)
  • Viruses: HPV & HIV
  • Sun exposure
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Radiation exposure
  • Carcinogen exposure
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15
Q

What percent of oral cancer could be prevented by eliminating tabacco and alcohol use?

A

75%

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16
Q

What can help prevent oral cancer?

A
  • eliminate tobacco (35% reduction after 5 years) and alcohol
  • lip balm
  • sunscreen
  • HPV vaccine
  • diet rich in fresh fruits and veggies
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17
Q

What are the four high risk areas for oral cancer?

A
  • floor of mouth
  • lateral border of tongue
  • ventral surface of tongue
  • oropharynx
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18
Q

What is a possible issue with tonsillar crypts?

A

they can collect food debris, bacteria, and hardened material (tonsil stones)

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19
Q

What should you be aware of when a patient has a bifid uvula or no uvula?

A

speech and swallowing difficulties
- don’t lay them all the way back

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20
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of oral cancer?

A
  • nonhealing ulcer
  • bleeding
  • lymphadenopathy
  • hardness
  • paresthesia
  • drooling
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21
Q

What is the sequence for a routine oral cancer exam?

A
  • ask about risk factors
  • examine face
  • palpate lymph nodes
  • palpate lips
  • palpate labial and buccal mucosa
  • examine/palpate tongue
  • examine hard/soft palate
  • examine tonsils and oropharynx
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22
Q

What is induration?

A

firm but not as hard as bone

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23
Q

What is compressible?

A

pressure alters its shape

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24
Q

What is doughy?

A

returns slowly to original shape

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25
Q

What is spongy?

A

returns quickly to original shape

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26
Q

What is pitting?

A

soft and leaves indentation

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27
Q

What is collapsing?

A

contents expressed (usually fluid like abscess)

28
Q

What is blanching?

A

color change

29
Q

What is discrete?

A

separate, not running together or blending

30
Q

What is confluent?

A

running together, merging, blended (originally separate but now formed into one)

31
Q

What is papillary?

A

having small bump-like elevations or projections

32
Q

What is verrucose (verrucous lesion)?

A

covered with or full of wart-like growths; cauliflower like surface

33
Q

What is sessile?

A

attached to the surface on a broad base (immobile, fixed, firmly attached, no stalk)

34
Q

What is pedunculated lesion?

A

elevated lesions having a narrow stem which acts as a base (elongated stalk)
- can be fatal

35
Q

What is erythema?

A

red area of variable size and shape (patches)

36
Q

What are petechia?

A

round red pinpoint areas of hemorrhage (caused by trauma, viral infection, or bleeding problems)

37
Q

What are macule?

A

small circumscribed area of color change (not elevated or depressed; freckle)

38
Q

What is eschar?

A

a sloughing (shedding) of epithelium cuased by disease, trauma, or chemical burn

39
Q

What does asprin burn or an electrical burn cause?

A

eschar (shedding of epithelium)

40
Q

What are tori (torus)?

A

bony elevation or prominence

41
Q

What is a patch?

A

large circumscribed area of color or texture change (not elevated or depressed)

42
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

a denuded area extending below the basal layer (gradual tissue disintegration; usually painful)

43
Q

What is crust?

A

outer layer, coverign, or scab, from a coagulation of blood, serum, pus, or any combination

44
Q

What is plaque?

A
  • solid, flat, area
  • often keratinized (white)
  • can be caused by chewing tabacco
45
Q

What is a papule?

A
  • superficial, elevated, solid lesion
  • any color
  • solid base or penduculated
46
Q

What is a vesicle?

A
  • small fluid filled
  • elevated lesion with a thin covering
  • lymph or serum
  • ex: herpes
47
Q

What is a pustule?

A
  • small vesicular-type lesion
  • contains purulent material
  • creamy white or yellow
  • ex: dental abscess
48
Q

What is a nodule?

A
  • elevated, deep solid lesion
  • overlying mucosa not fixed
  • ex: fibroma
49
Q

What is an irritation fibroma classified as?

A

a tumor because the lesion is persistent and progressively increases in size (not truly pathogenic)

50
Q

What is a bulla?

A
  • large vesicle
  • contains serum
  • usually at mucosal/submucosal junction
  • ex: 2nd degree burn
51
Q

What is a sample intraoral sequence?

A
  • Lips
  • Buccal mucosa
  • Buccal vestibules
  • Tongue
  • Oropharynx
  • Palate
  • Floor of mouth
  • Lymph nodes
52
Q

What is a linea alba?

A
  • white line on cheek
  • parallel to occlusal plane
  • asymptomatic
  • atypical
  • caused by trauma
53
Q

What is leukoedema?

A
  • more common in african-americans
  • milky white surface on blue-grey
  • atypical (but normal)
  • disappears when stretched
54
Q

What is lichen planus?

A
  • common inflammatory disease
  • interlacing white striae (Wickham) with erythema on mucosa
  • painful erosions and ulcers can occur
  • also can appear on skin as purple, itchy, flat bumps
55
Q

What are fordyce granules?

A
  • sulfer-colored
  • very common
  • asymptomatic
  • atypical
  • in oral cavity or on lip vermillion
56
Q

When checking the hard palate look for…

A

rugae
torus palatinus
ulcerations
lesions

57
Q

How many people have tori on the hard palate and is it higher in men or women?

A

20-30% of people
females 2x more likely

58
Q

How many people have tori on the mandibular/floor of mouth and is it higher in men or women?

A

8-16%
men=women
- more common with bruxism

59
Q

What should you look for on the soft palate?

A

ulcers
patches
etc

60
Q

What are nicotine stomatitis?

A
  • lesions on hard palate
  • white, rough, asymptomatic, leathery
  • numerous red dots or macules
  • caused by extreme heat
61
Q

Where is the most common place for oral cancer on the tongue?

A

later border and base of tongue

62
Q

What technique should you use to check tongue for oral cancer?

A
  • use direct and indirect vision
  • bidigital technique to palate tongue
63
Q

What is a benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue)?

A
  • lesions heal in one area and then move to a different part
  • usually asymptomatic but can cause discomfort
64
Q

What is leukoplakia?

A
  • white or grayish thick keratotic patch-like lesion
  • cannot be rubbed off
65
Q

What is hairy leukoplakia?

A
  • occurs on lateral border of the tongue
  • white rough patches
  • caused by epstein-barr virus or HIV or other immunosuppressive conditions
66
Q

What is hairy tongue?

A

trapped debris (bacteria, fungus, coffee, tobacco)
- can be caused by antibiotics

67
Q

What should you visualize on the floor of the mouth?

A
  • tongue to palate
  • lumps, bumps, and swellings
  • mandibular tori
  • submandibular salivary duct (wharton’s)
  • lingual varicosities (normal with age)

Patient Care II (10 decks)

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