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Molecular > Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting (T2) > Flashcards

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting (T2) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are proteins translated?

A

On ribosomes in the cytosol

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2
Q

What is protein sorting?

A

The destination designation

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3
Q

What is protein trafficking?

A

Movement to the destination in vesicles ususally

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4
Q

What are the three distinctions within a cell?

A
  1. Nucleus-Cytosol
  2. Secretory/Endocytic Pathway organelles
  3. Mitochondria
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of Nucleus?

A

Nuclear membrane continuous with the ER that encloses the genome. Function is to synthesize the RNA and DNA, and assemble ribosomes in the nucleolus

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the cytoplasm?

A

Composed of cytosol and organelles. Function is where metabolism occurrs.

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane/cell membrane?

A

Outer boundary of a cell made from the lipid bilaryer + proteins and carbs. Semipermeable membrane for protection and signaling

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8
Q

What is the structure and function of the ER?

A

Smooth: lipid synthesis
Rough: Protein synthesis
Calcium storage and Signaling

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9
Q

What is the purpose of folding within organelles?

A

Increase the surface area

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10
Q

What indicates a high need for protein synthesis within a cell?

A

Large amount of RER

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11
Q

What is the function and structure of the Golgi?

A

Stacks of plasma membrane for protein and lipid modifications trafficking center.

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A

Contain digestive enzymes that function at low pH, to degrade organelles and biomolecules.

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

A

Double membrane with matrix and own genome. It is the site for energy metabolism, cell differentiation and death as well as signaling.

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14
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

A

Cell wall degraded an archaeon bacterium long ago and the cell membrane folded inward creating a primitive nuclear membrane.. THe bacterium is engulfed retaining the membranes and DNA within it (mitochondria!) Chloroplasts were created same process except with a photosynthetic bacterium.

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15
Q

Describe Vesicles.

A

Vesicles are created from a donor membrane budding off. The vesicle fuses with a target membrane releasing its product into the next

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16
Q

Where did the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria originate?

A

It originated from the cell that engulfed it.

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17
Q

What is the matrix equivalent to in a bactreia cell?

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

Where does carbohydrate metabolism occur in bacteria?

A

Glycolysis occurs in cytosol, Oxidative phosphorylation and Krebbs are only in eukaryotes, bacteria would perform Krebbs cycle in their outer plasma membrane.

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19
Q

Why do mitochondria contain DNA?

A

They were originally an intact bacteria cell

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20
Q

Why is the universal genetic code not used in mitochiondria?

A

It came before the “universal genetic code”

21
Q

Why is the mitochondria not equivalent to any other compartment?

A

Because there are a lot of membranes to get vesicles through.

22
Q

Describe the facilitator, compartments bridged, compartment topology, and if membranes are crossed for GATED transport.

A

The facilitator is Nuclear Pore Complex, Compartments are the nucleus and cytosol, the compartments are equivalent, and a membrane is crossed

23
Q

Describe the facilitator, compartments bridged, compartment topology, and if membranes are crossed for TRANSMEMBRANE transport.

A

The facilitator is a translocator, the compartments are cytosol and other, the compartments are different, and a membrane is crossed.

24
Q

Describe the facilitator, compartments bridged, compartment topology, and if membranes are crossed for VESICULAR transport.

A

The facilitator is a vesicle, the compartments are two organelles, the compartments are equivalent, a membrane is not crossed

25
Q

What is the importance of a sorting signal?

A

Necessary and Sufficient for protein targeting. It is recognized by complementary receptors on targeted organelles, it is located on the “cargo” and can be moved to direct flow.

26
Q

How is a sorting signal removed?

A

Through a signal peptidase after the protein reaches the final destination

27
Q

Describe Transport that occurs between the nucleus and cytosol.

A

It is a gated transport, it requires a specific cue to allow passage through. Also bidirectional.

28
Q

How is a vesicle transported from the nucleus TO the cytosol?

A

Using a Nuclear Export Signal

NES

29
Q

How is a vesicle transported from the cytosol to the nucleus?

A

Using a Nuclear Localizing Signal

NLS

30
Q

How is a vesicle moved back and forth between nucleus and cytosol?

A

Using both NES and NLS

31
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope?

A

Outer and inner membranes are continuous but not equivalent. The outer is continuous with ER.

32
Q

Describe the Nuclear Pore Complexes?

A

Made up of 30 unique nucleoporins (NUPs) which are arranged octagonally. They are much larger than a ribosome. Allows for simultaneous passage bidirectionally of 1000 molecule per second.

33
Q

What are the types of NUPs?

A

Scaffolding: structural to stabilize the membrane
Ring: to anchor to the membrane
Channel: connectors and gates
Fibrils: neither structured or symmetrical

34
Q

For import to nucleus what are the biochemical features and where are the signal sequences located?

A

Positively charged located internally

35
Q

For export from the nucleus what are the biochemical features and where are the signal sequences located?

A

It is an amphipathic helix and it is located internally

36
Q

For importing to the mitochondria what are the biochemical features and where are the sorting sequences located?

A

Positively charged located on the N terminus

37
Q

For import into the ER what are the biochemical features and where are the sorting sequences located?

A

Hydrophobic core located on the N terminus

38
Q

For return to the ER what are the biochemical features and where are the sorting sequences located, and what is the amino acid sequence?

A

Mixed sequence, KDEL, located on the C terminus

39
Q

Significance of the Nuclear Basket?

A

It tethers active genes to the NPC as well as interacts with nuclear lamins and regulates transport.

40
Q

What recognizes a NLS? What are the biochemical features of NLS?

A

Importins recognize the nuclear localization sequence for import. Positively charged amino acids K, R internal sites form loops

41
Q

What stimulates the recycling of importins?

A

Ran-GTP

42
Q

___ increases affinity for cargo exportin binding.

A

Ran-GTP

43
Q

Describe the the process importins go through.

A

Recognize the NLS on cargo proteins, they associate and dissociate as the cargo travels through the NPC, Ran-GTP binds to it and displaces the cargo, When Importin is returned to the cytosol it releases Ran-GDP.

44
Q

Describe the process Exportins go through.

A

They recognize the NES on the cargo, Ran-GTP is bound in creasing affinity for cargo exportin binding, it associates and dissociates as it travels through NPC, Hydrolysis to Ran-GDP occurs in the cytosol and cargo is released and Exportin returns to nucleus.

45
Q

Where is Ran-GDP primarily found?

A

In the cytoplasm

46
Q

Where is Ran-GTP primarily found?

A

In nucleus

47
Q

Where is Ran-Gap found?

A

Only in the cytoplasm

Gap induces GTP hydrolysis which is why GDP is high in the cytoplasm

48
Q

Where is Ran-Gef found?

A

Only in the nucleus,

Gef exchanges GDP for GTP which is why Ran-GTP is in high concentration in the nucleus

Molecular (10 decks)

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