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Pathology > Intracellular Accumulation, Ageing > Flashcards

Intracellular Accumulation, Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Mc organ involved with fatty change

A

Liver- mc organ involved with fat metabolism

Others- heart, muscle, kidney

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2
Q

M/s picture of fatty liver

A

Macrovesicular steatosis- lipid accumulates in hepatocytes as vacuoles & clear appearances on H & E stain

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3
Q

Mcc of fatty liver

A

Alcoholism- developed countries
NAFLD- a/w DM & obesity

Others- toxins, protein, dyslipidemia, malnutrition, anoxia

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4
Q

Mc lipid accumulation in fatty liver

A

Triglycerides

Others- cholesterol, cholesterol esters & phospholipids

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5
Q

Intracellular Accumulation of cholesterol & cholesterol esters seen in

A

Atherosclerosis
Xanthoma
Cholesterolosis
Niemann pick disease TYPE C

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6
Q

Where does cholesterol & it’s esters accumulates in atherosclerosis

A

In smooth muscle cells & macrophages in tunica intima as vacuoles in large arteries

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7
Q

What is the m/s appearances in atherosclerotic plaque

A

Cells have foamy appearance or app as clefts d/t crystallization of extracellular cholesterol esters in the form of long needles

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8
Q

What are xanthomas

A

Hereditary or acquired hyperlipidemia–> intracellular accum of lipid laden macrophages

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9
Q

What is Cholesterolosis

A

Accum of lipid laden macrophages within lamina propria of gall bladder

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10
Q

Niemann pick disease is d/t

A

Mutation in NPC1 gene - type1c
NPC2 Gene- type2c

Autosomal recessive inheritance

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11
Q

What are Russell bodies

A

Globular intracellular accumulation of immunoglobulin

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12
Q

What are mott cells

A

Plasma cells characterised by accumulation of multiple Russell bodies

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13
Q

What are flame cells

A

Plasma cells with fiery red cytoplasm

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14
Q

What are dutcher bodies

A

PAS +’ve intranuclear inclusion containing Igs seen in some plasma cells

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15
Q

Pathological inclusions seen in multiple myeloma

A

Russel bodies
Mott cells
Dutcher bodies
Flame cells

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16
Q

Which are cytoskeletal proteins

A

Thin actin filament
Thick myosin filament
Intermediate filament- 10nm
Microtubules

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17
Q

What is the function of intermediate filament

A

Provide flexible intracellular scaffold that organize cytoplasm & resists forces applied to cell

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18
Q

Which are types of intermediate filaments

A 
Keratin filaments- characteristic of ep cells
Neurofilaments- neurons
Desmin filaments- muscle cells
Vimentin filaments- connective tissue
Glial filaments- astrocytes
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19
Q

What are Mallory bodies

A

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions composed of keratin intermediate filaments in complex with other proteins - ubiquitin

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20
Q

Mallory hyaline bodies seen in

A

Alcoholic liver disease- mc

Morbid obesity/ NAFLD
indian childhood cirrhosis
Wilson’s disease- periportal distribution
Primary biliary cirrhosis/ c/c biliary tract dis

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21
Q

What is wear & tear pigment & how is it formed

A

Lipofuschin/ lipochrome

Complex of lipids & proteins derived from free RADICAL injury of PUFA of subcellular membranes

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22
Q

Which pigment is tell tale sign of free RADICAL injury & lipid peroxidation

A

Lipofuschin

23
Q

What is brown atrophy

A

Lipofuschin app as insoluble brownish yellow granular intracellular material- in large amounts known as brown atrophy

Mc- heart, liver, brain

24
Q

Coal miner’s day

A

4th may

25
Q

What is characteristic of pulmonary anthracosis

A

Black pigment(d/t carbon particles) within macrophages of hilar lymph nodes

26
Q

Melanin the only endogenous brown black pigment is present in

A

Hair, skin, retina, iris, certain parts of CNS

27
Q

Which is the other endogenous black pigment deposited in skin, connective tissue & cartilage in ochronosis

A

Homogentisic acid

28
Q

Stains for melanin

A

DOPA- Oxidase( dihydroxyphenylalanine)- most specific
Masson Fontana- stains black
Schmorls method- stains blue green

29
Q

How does DOPA oxidase method work

A

DOPA substrate is acted on by DOPA oxidase present in melanin producing cells which produce brownish black deposit

30
Q

Masson Fontana is used for staining

A

Melanin

Argentaffin granules- in neuroendocrine cells in duodenum & carcinoid

31
Q

Alizarin res S is for staining

A

Calcium in tissues

32
Q

Hall’s stain is for

A

Bile pigment/ bilirubin

33
Q

Rhodanine stain for

A

Copper in tissues

34
Q

Perl’s Prussian blue is for

A

Iron in bone marrow & macrophages

35
Q

Chloroacetate esterase/ LEDER stain is for

A

Markers of neutrophils

36
Q

What is hemosiderin

A

Local/ systemic excess of iron- stored in cells in a/w protein apoferritin to form ferritin micelles- large aggregates–> hemosiderin ( golden yellow to brown)

37
Q

How is hemosiderin identified

A

Light m/s
Perls Prussian blue stain
Electron m/s

38
Q

Principle of perl’s Prussian blue stain

A

Dilute mineral acid hydrolysis release ferric ions from tissue depo

These ions in presence of ferrocyanide ions are precipitated as blue coloured highly water insoluble potassium ferric ferrocyanide

39
Q

Pathologic calcification in dead & decaying tissues

A

Dystrophic calcification
Ca levels n/l
Eg: atheroma of large atherosclerosis
Caseous necrosis in TB

40
Q

Where does metastatic calcification commonly occur

A

In normal tissues

Mc- interstitial tissue of vasculature, kidney, lungs & gastric mucosa

41
Q

Causes of metastatic calcification

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D intoxication & sarcoidosis( macrophages activate vitamin D precursor)
Renal failure- hyperphosphatemia–> 2’ hyperparathyroidism
Destruction of bone- pagets dis, immobilization, tumours

42
Q

Calcium stains

A

H&E- blue black lake with hematoxylin
Von kossa method
alizarin red s
Azan stain

43
Q

Principle of von kossa stain

A

Silver reduction method- silver is substituted for calcium in calcium carbonate & phosphate–> silver phosphate & carbonate–> photochemical degeneration in presence of light–> silver , turns black

44
Q

When is von kossa stain best suited

A

When large amounts of calcium salts present as in c/o bone

45
Q

When is azan stain used

A

Used to distinguish osteoid from mineralized bone

46
Q

Principle of alizarin red s stain

A

Form orange red lake with calcium at pH 4.2

Best for small amounts of calcium as in MG bodies

47
Q

What are MG bodies

A

Michaelis gutman bodies

Pathognomonic of malakoplakia( iron containing cytoplasmic laminated mineralized concretions)

48
Q

Stain used for Dupont automatic cyclic analyser(ACA) to measure serum calcium photometrically

A

Alizarin red S stain

49
Q

Best method to demonstrate mineralization of bone

A

Tetracycline labelling method

50
Q

Increased incidence of cancer in old age is d/t

A

Telomerase reactivation- critical step in dvt of 85% of human cancers
Telomerase- enzyme that prevents shortening of telomeres
Enzyme present in germ cells, absent in most somatic cells

51
Q

What is replicative senescence

A

With every cell division, there is some shortening of telomeres, when shortened beyond critical point–> cell cycle arrest–> apoptosis

52
Q

What are sirtuins

A

Reduce insulin sensitivity

53
Q

WERNER syndrome is

A

Premature ageing

Pathology (1 decks)

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