Intra Group Behavior Flashcards
Performance Before a Group: Theories
Social Facilitation Theory & Social Impact Theory
Social Facilitation Theory
Arousal enhances the dominant response
Example of Social Facilitation Theory
When having people watch you/have to do something in front of them, you have some arousal that either works for or against you.
Maze Study: subjects go to lab and participate in a maze (easy or hard). If there were 4 other subjects watching you do the maze that you knew vs didn’t know and seeing how long it took.
Social Impact Theoory
Source of arousal; arousal is a function of strength
Arousal = f (strength x immediacy x number)
Strength: how much people care about you
Immediacy: how physically close to the audience are you
Number: how many people watching
Yerkes-Dodson Model
-x^2 parabola graph of performance in low to high arousal
what is Intragroup Behavior?
It is known as within group behavior
Aspects of Intragroup Behavior
Social loafing, group task types,group polarization, leadership, and large Intragroup issues
Social loafing
When embedded in a group, we dont work as hard as we do when doing a task alone
Ex: clapping, shouting, sports
It’s because of deindividuation (people aren’t gonna tie your behavior to your identity), diffusion of responsibility (you might not work as hard when people dont know exactly wat you’re doing), free riding (you might be adaptive in how much effort you have to put in vs reward)
Group Task Types
Additive, compensatory, disjunctive, conjunctive
Additive Group Task Type
The focus is on maximizing output
*Is especially susceptible to social loafing
Ex: paper clip chain made by different groups. 2 groups would just make the chain and the 3rd would say to have each individual in the group make their own chain, then put it together and would always win.
Compensatory Group Task
Still a task that can be done from a group or individual, but the goal is on accuracy.
Groups of 4 would guess the temperature. Two groups would just guess and the 3rd would take an average of each person’s guess.
Les social loafing in compensatory takes a since they require some level of controlled processing.
Disjunctive Group Task
Group is only as good as its worst member.
Ex: groups of 4 and each would get a turn in putting a card down to make a card house. One clumsy member can knock the whole thing down.
Conjunctive Group Task
Group is only as good as its best member
Ex: 3 groups of 4 and would read a problem and had to find the answer, but the decision has to be as a group. If someone is good at the problem, only one person would need to answer and would depend on them.
Group Polarization
People go further into extremes when put into groups
Ex: subjects in a room and everyone would be asked a question about Sam joining a startup vs staying in his father’s business. Asked what are the odds of success that you would say to Sam actually doing the startup. Many tide tens were risky and said 20-30%. Each person was then separated into groups of 6, explained why and what they wrote, then cam black as individuals. Risky students became even riskier when embedded into a group like themselves.
Think of normative and informative social influence
Groupthink
Concept that thinking in a group is better than individual thinking. Having more voices/opinions, the group will come to better conclusion. But groupthink allows deterioration of decision making that results from structural flaws and ingroup pressures, often leading to a disastrous decision
Ex: Coca Cola had 85% market share in the 80s and was the flagship soda. Higher ups thought they could develop a product called New Coke, roll it out, and take regularr coke off the market. It was horrible and that’s when Pepsi became a soda of relevance
Variables of Intragroup group
Central leader, pressure to uniformity, self-censorship, pluralistic ignorance, gatekeeper.
Central leader
One person who is the go-no go person
Pressure to uniformity
People are worried that the decision is crazy and they have doubt, but they are pressured to go along with the group.
gatekeeper is very powerful in this
Self-censorship
Had doubts that they never shared and never brought to higher ups
Pluralistic Ignorance
People who have doubts might not say something out of thinking that others know more than they do.
Gatekeeper
one one who controls access to the central leader. Higher in hierarchy than others
How to combat groupthink?
Idea generation first, followed by evaluation.
Minority Influence
- consistency; consistency needed in the minority
- confidence; assume confidence; they are correct or right
- Independence/objectivity; has no personal stake in the decision making in the group
Leadership
- Contingency Model
Contingency Model
Two triangles on graph that shows relationship between Socioemotional and task orientations
Large Intragroup Issues
Social dilemmas,: the conflict between wanting to maximize self-interest and the interest of the group as a whole
Types of Social Dilemmas
Commons dilemmas, public goods dilemma, general social dilemma
Commons dilemma
Harvesting natural resources; if too many take the resource or act with self-interest, it goe away fro everyone
Ex: amazon rainforest trees or water use during a drought
Public Goods Dilemma
Giving to a resource; people have to do something actively to contribute to the resource for it to survive. People wont do it and the resource goes away
Ex: public radio + TV and reliance on donations, recycling
General Social Dilemma
Anytime there is some dilemma of maximizing your self interest and the group as a whole, but not a complete focus on resources.
Ex: Single person in car in HOV lanes. Encrouages car pooling and moves faster in traffic jams, but people still use the HOV lane
Ways to reduce selfish behaviors
Normative Issues:
- descriptive and injunctive norms
- Normative and informative social influence
Smaller groups
- deinddivudation, operant conditioning, legal measures
