intonation unit 3

Question 1

what is intonation?

Question 2

General characteristics

Answer 2

Are variations of pitch, though not all languages use these pitch variations in the same way.
when we talk about english intonation we mean the pitch patters of spoken English.

Question 3

which is based on three major premises?

Answer 3

Significant
Systematic
Characteristic

Question 4

why intonation is significant?

Answer 4

Expressions, which are different only in respect of intonation and they can differ from each other in meaning.
The same phrase we can say in different ways: downright, reserved or a questioning tone.

Question 5

why intonation is systematic?

Answer 5

we do not invent the words we use in speaking and we don’t invent the sounds of which they are composed.
we use tunes which we originally learnt as children, and there are a limited number of pitch patternns in any language.

Question 6

why intonation is characteristic?

Answer 6

The tunes in English are not necessarily the same in form as those of other languages or produce the same effect.
The wrong use pitch patterns give problem to have a good communication.
1- will give a foreign accent to the speech.
2- the use of a tune pitch is used in English but in different circumstances will lead to misunderstanding.

Question 7

what are the functions of intonation?

Answer 7

The attitudinal
The grammatical
The focusing
The discourse
The psychological
The indexical

Question 8

The attitudinal function

Answer 8

Is to express our attitudes and emotions. we do this by tone.

Question 9

The grammatical function

Answer 9

Intonation helps identify grammatical structure in speech. We use intonation to mark the beginning and the end of grammatical units such as claus and sentences. we do this by tonality. and by tone to distinguish clause types, such as question and statement.

Question 10

The focusing function

Answer 10

helps to show what information is new and what is already known, we use it to emphasize or highlight some parts of the message and not others.

Question 11

The discourse function

Answer 11

It functions like the division of written texto into sentences and paragraphs. it enables us to signal whether or not we have come to the end of point we are making; whether we want to keep talking or are ready to give another speaker a turn.

Question 12

The psychological function

Answer 12

intonation helps us organize speech into units that are easy to perceive, memorize and perform.

Question 13

The indexical function

Answer 13

Intonation can act as marker of personal or social identity… partly, of their characteristic intonation.

Question 14

Intonation and Gesture
What are?

Answer 14

There is a close connection between intonation and gesture. there are tendencies for certain gestures to be assosiated with falling and rising tones.
-common correlations with rising tones include eyebrows lifted.
Rising tones and related gestures all involve an increase in tension whereas falling tones and related gestures all involve a descrease in tension.

Question 15

Intonation phrases and chunking-tonality

Answer 15

The speakers break up the material into intonation phrases, and the boundary between two IPs generally is a syntactic boundary.
we place an intonation break between successive sentences, clauses, phrases and sometime into words, this is called chunking.

Question 16

IPs and grammar

Answer 16

The number of intonation phrases into which to divide the spoken message exerted by the grammar on the decision.
1- an intonation break at every sentences boundary, consists of several clauses.
2- each clause tends to be said as separate IP.
The speaker can insert intonation break anyhwhere where the grammatical structure clearer, and if a new sentence change the grammatical subject as a pronoun they tends to have its own IP.
-there is usually an intonation break in coordinal clauses (except if the subject coordiante clause is ellipted), there not intonation break or (when the object or some other complement is ellipted) but also with different subject and verbs and have the same ellipted object, an intonation break after each verbs is practically obligatory.
simple estructure that count as a single clausee are usually said as a simple IP.

Question 17

syntactic structures which are likely to made into separate IPs are:

Answer 17

-Vocatives
-Adverbials (beginning or middle)
-Sentence adverbials (adjuncts)
-Long noun phrases as subjects and objects (reading alound and formal speech) or (when there are a change in the subject)
-Non-defining relative clauses
-Phrases in apposition.