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MWH > Interwar period > Flashcards

Interwar period Flashcards

1
Q

Brest-Litovsk

A

1918 - Russian withdrawal from the war

They give up Poland, Baltic sates and Ukraine

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2
Q

Paris peace conference

A 
1919 - "The big four": Italy, France, England, the US
Concerns:
Italy: territory
France - security
England - reparations
US - influence
—> The treaty of Versailles
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3
Q

Main losers of WWI

A

The Russian empire — USSR (1922)

Austria-Hungarian empire — many new countries (Austria, Hungary, Czec…)

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4
Q

Fascism

A

Political ideology

Paramount State
Liberty of the State and its individuals
Corporativism: companies are organised and controlled by the State
Ultranationalism
War, foreign expansion, Imperialism
Racism, antisemitism (Nazism)
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5
Q

Russian revolution — stages

A

1917 - October: federal republic (Moscow)

1922 - USSR (Union of soviet socialist republics)

1924 - Lenin’s death — Stalin

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6
Q

Stalin’s new government

A

Totalitary communism

Purges
Ownership of the state
Blind and full support for the leader

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7
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

1919 - Germany

Reparations
Demilitarisation (100.000 soldiers)
Territory loss (Alsace, Lorraine)
War-guilt clause

—> Weimar republic

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8
Q

Post-war Germany

A

1919 - Created by the ToV
Reichstag - Proportional representation (necessity of political alliances)
- Article 48: State of emergency — chancellor free law-passing
Anger at the ToV (war-guilt clause)
French invasion of the Ruhr Valley - demand of German production
Major strike
The economy comes to a stop - Hyperinflation
The demise of Weimar - The conservatives call Berlin a decadent city
Black migration influx (US), homosexuals, prostitution…
—> Dawes Plan (1924)

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9
Q

Dawes plan

A

1924 - US money loan to Germany

Economical improvement and German economy becomes tied to the US

Rebirth of Germany - trade partner

—> 1929 - The Great Depression

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10
Q

The Great Depression

A

1929 - Stock-market crash in the US
The US calls back for the loaned money to Europe (especially to Germany)
Germany - deep crisis: people burn the currency as it’s not worth buying fuel

—> Hitler’s rise to power

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11
Q

Fascism rises to power

A

Italy 1922: March on Rome
Mussolini - Prime minister: political power

Japan - Hirohito

Germany (Weimar) - Hitler

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12
Q

Weimar timeline

A

1919: Creation - ToV
1923: Munich Beer Hall Putsch (failed coup d’état)
1929: Great Depression, great crash, massive unemployment rates
1932: Hitler - chancellor — Nazi plan to seize power
1933: Enabling act (reichstag fire)
1934: Death of Hindemburg - Hitler becomes Führer

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13
Q

Socialist Nationalist German Workers’ Party

A

1919 - Creation
1921 - Hitler becomes the president of the party
Objectives:
- Abolish the ToV
- Unite Austria and Germany
- Exclude Jews from German citizenship
The party is supported by paramilitary groups

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14
Q

The Munich Beer Hall Putsch

A

1923 - October

The Nazi party tries to take over the government of Munich
They fail, and Hitler is sent to prison, where he uses his time to write a book:
- “Mein Kampf” (see —> Nazi ideals)
Awareness of the incident was raised, and the Nazi party increased in popularity
- Daily newspaper reports during the trial
In prison, Hitler creates the 25-point programme (see —> 25-point programme) so as to attract the attention of every single social group
Start of propaganda — brown shirts and the swastika, Hitler Youth Groups (endoctrination), SA: 100.000 members…

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15
Q

Nazi ideals

A

Compilated in “Mein Kampf”

  • Nationalism: all people must be loyal to Germany
  • Racism: Aryan-race superiority (discrimination against Jews, Slaves, Jipsies…)
  • Militarism: reinforcement of the army so as to ensure the lebensraum
    + Imperialism: lebensraun
  • Loyalty: blind, thoughtless, unconditional obedience to the Fürher
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16
Q

The Nazi 25-point programme. Appeal to:

A

Developed by Hitler

Farmers, whose income had dropped and ideals were against the transgressions of the new time: black music, sex industry, immigration…

Small-shop owners who lost their battle against large department stores (Jewish)

The workers of the factories already favoured right-wing, and so did the riches.

17
Q

Methods for the increase of Nazi support

A
  • Propaganda
  • Benefits to the citizens
  • Endoctrination at school
  • Control of the opposition: GESTAPO (secret police), concentration camps
18
Q

Reasons for the Nazis’ rise to power

A
  • The impact of the Great Depression (1929)
  • Hitler’s orational skills
  • Propaganda (film and radio records, flyers, signs, presential campaign…)
  • Criticism of Weimar government and the ToV - The “stab-in-the-back” theory
  • Nazi policies: easily accessible and attractive to all social groups (except Jews)
  • Nazi’s policy against communism
19
Q

Hitler, from chancellor to Führer. Steps to power.

A
  1. The reichstag fire (1933)
  2. Enabling act
  3. The night of the Long Knives - June 30th 1934
  4. Death of Hindemburg
20
Q

Hitler’s rise to power

A

Weimar
1924 - Hyperinflation: May - 6,6% of the seats; Hitler spreads Nazi ideals
August - Dawes Plan: December 1924 - 1928: 3% - 2.8%
1929 - Great Depression — September 1930: 18.3% (increase in popularity)
1932 - peak of unemployment: July 37%; November, 33%
1933 February: reichstag fire - March: 44% (ban of communist parties)
Hindemburg appoints Hitler chancellor
- Business pressure (communism); reichstag credibility restoration (coalition)
- Trouble in the streets; it is thought that Nazis will help maintain order
—> Hitler, from chancellor to Führer

21
Q

Reichstag fire

A

1933

A communist takes the blame for the arson of the reichstag
Hitler uses this opportunity to arrest all communist militants
On eliminating part of the competition, the Nazi party obtained majority

—> Enabling act

22
Q

Enabling act

A

1933
Hitler’s method for taking control of Germany
- Bans all Nazi opponents and Jewish people from government jobs and education
- Bans trade unions
- Orders the start of public work
– Nazi plan to seizing power and going to war starts here

23
Q

The night of the Long Knives

A

June 30th 1934
There were more than a million members of the SA
Hitler orders (the SS) the assassination of more than 400 SA members and of Ernst Röhm, leader of a conspiration in the SA

24
Q

Death of Hindemburg

A

August 19th 1934
Hitler is self-proclaimed Führer
Hitler takes over the presidency and becomes the leader of the army
- Soldiers had to swear to Hitler, not the parliament.

25
Q

German economical recovery under Hitler

A
  • Hitler promises mass employment
  • Any expansion of Germany would mean more opportunities to create jobs
  • The National Labour Service created jobs based on construction of infrastructures
  • Trade unions: banned
  • Rearmament and conscription (no one says anything in response)
  • Hitler’s announcement of a four-year plan to prepare the German economy for war

MWH (1 decks)

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