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IB HL History Paper 1 > Interwar conditions in Europe and Italian foreign policy 1933-36 > Flashcards

Interwar conditions in Europe and Italian foreign policy 1933-36 Flashcards

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1
Q

Economic and political effects of the Great Depression: aspects

A
  • Economic effects
  • Political effects
  • International diplomacy in the early 1930s
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2
Q

Overview of the effects of the Great Depression

A

The Great Depression caused economic and social instability, as well as weakening the idea of international cooperation and the League of Nations.

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3
Q

Examples of how the negative economic effects of the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 spread throughout the world

A
  • World trade declined by 70%.
  • Industrialized countries experienced massive unemployment.
  • Banks collapsed around the globe, including 9,000 in the USA alone.
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4
Q

Trade barriers as a result of the GD (economic effects)

A
  • Countries erected trade barriers to keep money within their own borders and to protect domestic businesses.
  • These barriers harmed economies and reduced trade.
  • Imperial powers turned to their colonies for economic assistance by creating systems of imperial preference.
  • Some countries came to understand that colonies could ease economic problems.
  • The USA and the Soviet Union contained vast amounts of natural resources, leading them to concentrate on domestic concerns instead of international trade.
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5
Q

Overview of the political effects of the GD

A
  • Political instability developed in many countries.
  • Coalition governments formed in some places.
  • In others, alternative forms of government replaced previously stable systems.
  • Fear of violence and communism existed in many countries.
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6
Q

Political effects of the GD on the USA

A
  • The Great Depression led to the electoral victory of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his Democratic Party in 1933.
  • Roosevelt immediately passed laws and took executive action to address the economic problems of the USA and stimulate employment by using deficit spending.
  • These actions led to massive support for Roosevelt and the Democratic Party.
  • Like most Americans, Roosevelt believed the USA should not become involved in foreign wars.
  • He continued the policy of isolationism and, later, neutrality for the USA in international affairs.
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7
Q

Political effects of the GD on Britain

A
  • After ineffective attempts to stimulate employment, a coalition government formed in 1931, known as the National Government.
  • It succeeded in bringing some economic stability, partially by using imperial preference.
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8
Q

Political effects of the GD: International impact of British economic policies

A
  • Historian P.M.H. Bell argued that Britain’s trade barriers contributed to closer economic ties between central and eastern European countries and Germany.
  • Germany became economically and politically closer to these countries.
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9
Q

Political effect of GD on military programs in Britain

A

The political effects of governing with a coalition and economic concerns decreased the ability and will to build Britain’s military:

  • The Labour Party believed military build-up increased the likelihood of war.
  • Economic pressures restricted funds to invest in military programmes.

Instead, the National Government acted to limit armaments in the early 1930s. At the same time, Italy and Germany began rebuilding their military forces.

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10
Q

Economic effects of GD on France

A
  • France was essentially self-sufficient in food production; it did not rely on international trade like other industrialized countries.
  • France enacted strict quotas and instituted a system of imperial preference.
  • France did not experience massive unemployment because many citizens worked in agriculture and conscription filled its large military with young men.
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11
Q

Political effects of GD on France

A
  • Politically, France suffered extensive instability.
  • France, like Britain, was ruled by a coalition government.
  • Coalitions of many parties were short lived, with France having, for example, eleven governments between 1932 and 1935.
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12
Q

Economic effects of GD on Germany

A
  • The Weimar government of Chancellor Brüning decided to reduce government spending instead of using deficit spending to stimulate the economy.
  • Additional economic decisions by Brüning’s government harmed Germany’s economy, leading to the highest unemployment rate among all industrialized nations.
  • Germany’s economy was so poor that Britain and France suspended reparation payments from the Treaty of Versailles.
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13
Q

What did failures of the Weimar government permit?

A

The rise of alternative parties.

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14
Q

Who were the National Socialists (Nazis)?

A
  • The most popular party in Germany by 1932.
  • In 1932, Adolf Hitler, party leader, lost a presidential election to Paul von Hindenburg, president since 1925.
  • Despite the defeat, Hitler gained recognition and popularity throughout Germany.
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15
Q

What did Hitler vow in the 1920s?

A

That Germany would end the humilitation of the Treaty of Versailles and regain its place on the world stage.

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16
Q

What did Hitler call for?

A
  • Eliminating dependency on other countries’ trade
  • Lebensraum from former Russian land won in the First World War, but denied by the Treaty of Versailles
  • Land and raw materials from lebensraum to benefit
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17
Q

What social values did Hitler preach?

A
  • Hatred for Jews and other minority groups
  • That women should be wives and mothers
  • That Germans were a master race destined to rule the world.
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18
Q

Hitler and Nazi beliefs proved more popular than ___

A

Communism

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19
Q

Characteristics of communism

A
  • Rejected nationalism and religion
  • Called for confiscation of private property
  • Caused the Russian Revolution and revolts in Germany after the First World War.
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20
Q

What was the success of Hitler and the Nazi party correlated with?

A

The economic hardships of the Great Depression

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21
Q

How much did Nazi representation in the Reichstag increase from 1928 to 1932?

A

From 3% to 37%

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22
Q

Hitler’s rise to power

A
  • From 1928 to July 1932, Nazi representation in the Reichstag increased from 3% to 37%.
  • Several attempts to create a stable coalition government failed between July 1932 and January 1933.
  • On 30 January 1933, President von Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler as Chancellor.
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23
Q

When was Hitler appointed as Chancellor?

A

January 1933

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24
Q

Outcome of the German election in March 1933

A
  • An election in March 1933 was held to solidify Hitler’s position.
  • The Nazi Party won almost 44% of seats in the Reichstag.
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25
Q

What had Hitler done to limit the opposition prior to the March 1933 election?

A
  • Banning the Communist Party for burning down the Reichstag
  • Harassing and attacking opposition candidates
  • Restricting civil liberties.
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26
Q

Nazi action after the March 1933 election

A
  • The Nazis formed a coalition government with the Catholic Centre Party and other nationalist parties.
  • In March of 1933, the Enabling Act was passed, granting Hitler the power to create laws and sign treaties without the approval of the Reichstag.
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27
Q

Expain how the GD was a cause of Hitler’s rise to power

A

The effects of the Great Depression were so traumatic that a large portion of German citizens sacrificed their representative government for promises to solve economic problems (Hitler).

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28
Q

Why was there a complex diplomatic system in the 1930s?

A

A complex system of alliances, treaties, pacts and commitment to the League of Nations.

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29
Q

What was the state of the League of Nations by 1933?

A

-The League of Nations and its commitment to collective security had been weakened.

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30
Q

Why had the League of Nations and its commitment to collective security weakened by 1933?

A
  • Collective security contained a basic flaw.
  • Governments would not commit troops to the League of Nations if their citizens objected.
  • In addition, the two leading states in the League, Britain and France, were not strong.
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31
Q

International diplomacy in France in the early 1930s

A

Since the end of the First World War, France had worked to isolate Germany and enforce the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. France:

  • Formed an alliance with Czechoslovakia and Poland, two countries with strained relations
  • Sought, but failed to gain, a formal alliance with Britain as a guarantee against German aggression
  • Developed ties with Italy, despite Italian desires for some territory in south-east France
  • Maintained a large military and refused to disarm, causing tensions with Britain
  • Invaded the Ruhr region of Germany in 1923 to enforce reparations payments from Germany.

Political instability within France led to inconsistent foreign policy goals.

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32
Q

Explain why there was political instability within France that led to inconsistent foreign policy goals

A

1) Conservatives and nationalists, fascists in essence:
- Supported Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia
- Opposed the Soviet Union
- Desired a strong military.
2) On the other hand, the socialists and communists:
- Opposed a military build-up
- Desired social welfare programmes
- Supported the League of Nations and the Soviet Union.

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33
Q

What happened in 1935 and what was France’s response?

A
  • Germany began its remilitarization and Italy invaded Abyssinia.
  • France was incapable of acting in response to either case because of economic and political instability.
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34
Q

British international diplomacy in the early 1930s

A

Britain was more concerned with communism and the Soviet Union. It desired economic and diplomatic rehabilitation for Germany. Britain believed that:

  • Both Germany and Britain would benefit from increased trade between them
  • Economic recovery in Germany would hinder communism’s growing popularity there
  • The terms of the Treaty of Versailles needed to be revised.

However, Britain did not want to harm its relationship with France. Britain did, however, refuse to join in any alliance with France and continued to seek disarmament.

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35
Q

German interantional diplomacy (foreign policy) aims in the early 1930s

A

Germany’s primary foreign policy goal was the revision of the Treaty of Versailles and its humiliating terms, especially Germany’s territorial objections:

  • Poland had been created from significant German territory.
  • The region of Memel was under international administration.
  • The city of Danzig was under League of Nations control and completely surrounded by Poland.
  • The iron- and coal-rich Saar region was ruled by France until a vote in 1935 determined its future.

Although Germany had recognized its western borders, it felt humiliated that it could not defend itself or address concerns about its eastern territories.

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36
Q

Soviet international diplomacy in the early 1930s

A
  • Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, concentrated on domestic economic and political reorganization.
  • The Five Year Plan begun in 1928 started the country’s industrialization.
  • Agricultural reorganization, called collectivization, was chaotic and led to famine.
  • The Soviet Union encouraged the growth of communist movements in the west.
  • The Soviets also began to perceive Germany, Japan and Italy as growing threats by the mid-1930s.
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37
Q

When was Mussolini appointed Prime Minister of Italy?

A

1922

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38
Q

Until when did Benito Mussolini rule?

A

1943

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39
Q

Give an overview of how Mussolini and his Fascist Party ruled

A
  • They emphasized glory, empire and war.

- In the mid-1930s, Mussolini began efforts to achieve these aims.

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40
Q

Features of fascism

A
  • An emphasis on nationalism
  • Support for industrialists and (supposedly) workers
  • Anti-communist beliefs
  • Obedience to the state
  • Single-party government headed by an authoritarian leader
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41
Q

How did Italy emerge from WW1?

A

It had been one of the victor nations.

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42
Q

Why did Italy join the Allies in WW1 and how did this turn out?

A
  • It joined the Allies based on territorial promises made to Italy in the Treaty of London in 1915.
  • Britain and France ignored these promises at the Paris Peace Conference.
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43
Q

The effects of WW1 in Italy became known as the ___

A

‘Mutilated victory’

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44
Q

What were the effects of WW1 in Italy? (‘Mutilated victory’)

A
  • Increased economic and political divisions
  • Unfulfilled economic and political promises
  • Left a huge financial debt.
45
Q

Describe the rise in violence in Italy during Mussolini’s reign

A
  • Chaos, turbulence and violence spread throughout Italy.
  • Mussolini created a gang called the Black Shirts and received support from industrialists, bankers and conservatives.
  • His nationalism and anti-communist efforts attracted key supporters such as the King, industrial leaders and the middle class.
  • In October 1922, he threatened to seize power from an ineffective government in a March on Rome.
  • The King appointed Mussolini Prime Minister.
  • Soon he was known as Il Duce, The Leader.
  • Mussolini repressed internal opponents.
46
Q

How did Mussolini repress internal opponents?

A
  • He banned all political parties except the Fascist Party
  • He banned opposition newspapers
  • He outlawed labour unions
  • He used violence and intimidation
47
Q

How did Mussolini work to gain support?

A
  • By creating youth groups based on fascist ideology
  • By reconciling the government with the Catholic Church regarding territories seized in the nineteenth century, including Rome
  • By relying on propaganda to depict Mussolini’s rule as a return of the glory of Ancient Rome
48
Q

What ideas did fascism embrace?

A
  • Expansion, war, and imperialism

- Great nations were great because they conquered and ruled other territories

49
Q

What did the emphasis on war in fascist Italy lead to?

A
  • Women’s role as mothers being stressed
  • The goal of a high birth rate to supply future armies
  • The belief that men should be soldiers ready to sacrifice themselves for the state
50
Q

Why did Mussolini have to be cautious in achieving his foreign policy goals between 1922 and 34?

A
  • An economy that was weak meant that Italy could not build a strong, large military.
  • Italy’s economy was dependent on foreign trade with Britain, France and the USA.
  • Therefore, foreign policy needed to be cautious.
51
Q

What did Italy’s foreign policy rely on between 1922 and 34? Give examples of this.

A
  • Italy’s foreign policy relied on opportunism, especially in relation to weaker nations.
  • Greece was forced to pay an indemnity to Italy in the Corfu Incident.
  • A dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over the city of Fiume resulted in Yugoslavia giving the city to Italy.
  • However, Mussolini’s desires for territory in south-east France and the French island of Corsica were not acted on.
52
Q

Describe how the idea of an Italian empire began before Mussolini came to power

A
  • Prior to the First World War, Eritrea and Somaliland, part of today’s Somalia, became colonies.
  • With the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, Italy took control of Libya.
  • All of these territories were poor, as oil had not yet been discovered in Libya, providing few benefits to Italy.
53
Q

How and why was Italy impacted by the Great Depression?

A
  • Italy depended on the export of manufactured goods.
  • Trade barriers erected in response to the Great Depression severely affected Italy’s ability to export its goods, so Italy compensated by increasing trade with countries in eastern Europe.
  • Italy imported raw materials and food and exported its manufactured goods.
54
Q

How did the change in Italian trading patterns during the Great Depression impact its foreign policy?

A
  • Italy became less concerned with economic retaliation from Britain, France and the USA.
  • Therefore, Italy had more freedom to act on its foreign policy goals.
55
Q

How did Mussolini use the economic crisis of the GD to increase government control?

A
  • The government created a ‘corporate state’ and industrial boards involving government in business and labor concerns.
  • Italy relied on deficit spending to stimulate the economy.
  • The government placed major emphasis on military spending.
  • In addition to increasing the size of Italy’s military, it allowed workers in military industries to purchase consumer goods that stimulated production in consumer industries.
56
Q

What was the result of Italy placing more emphasis on military spending because of the GD?

A
  • Government and consumer spending increased
  • Employment increased
  • The expansion of the army and navy provided further employment to up to 1 million men
  • Italy had a healthy economy.
57
Q

Why was Mussolini prepared to act on his foreign policy goals by the mid-1930s?

A
  • Italy was less dependent on trade with Britain, France and the USA.
  • The government had increased control of industry and the economy.
  • Italy’s military was expanding both in size and in equipment.
58
Q

Describe the reorganization of power in Italy in 1933

A
  • Mussolini reorganized the government, making himself more powerful.
  • He appointed himself head of the ministries of war, navy and air.
  • He also appointed himself Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs.
  • In addition, he remained Prime Minister.
59
Q

What happened in July 1934 and how did Mussolini respond to this?

A
  • In 1934, Austria’s dictator, Engelbert Dollfuss, was assassinated by the Austrian Nazi Party, who wanted Austria to merge with Germany.
  • Mussolini viewed this as a German threat to Italian interests and security.
60
Q

Why did Mussolini view the assassination of Austria’s dictator as a German threat to Italian interests and security?

A
  • Austria bordered Italy.
  • Italy worked with Britain and France to isolate Germany.
  • Italy worried that Austria was a way for Germany to extend its influence into south-eastern Europe.
  • Italy had significant economic and political interests in this region.
61
Q

How did Mussolini respond to the assassination of Austria’s dictator?

A
  • Mussolini announced intentions to move Italian troops to the border with Austria.
  • Germany’s army was weak and Hitler did not have full control over it.
  • Hitler did not intervene in Austria.
  • More importantly for Mussolini, he had demonstrated his strength and convinced himself and others that Italy was a major military power.
62
Q

What was the Stresa Front and when was it formed?

A
  • The Stresa Front was formed in 1935 by Britain, France and Italy as a united front against Germany.
  • The Stresa Front formed partially in response to German meddling in Austria and its decision to remilitarize in 1935.
63
Q

What treaty was formed shortly after the Stresa Front?

A
  • Britain and Germany agreed to a naval treaty allowing Germany to increase the size of its navy in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
  • Italy and France explored the idea of military cooperation until Italy became involved in the Abyssinian Crisis.
64
Q

Give an overview of the Abyssinian Crisis

A
  • The Abyssinian Crisis had a great effect on European relations and significant consequences for the League of Nations.
  • It developed from Mussolini’s desire for an expanded Italian empire.
65
Q

Give an overview of the Abyssinian Crisis

A
  • The Abyssinian Crisis had a great effect on European relations and significant consequences for the League of Nations.
  • It developed from Mussolini’s desire for an expanded Italian empire.
66
Q

The Italian empire as a reason for the Abyssinian Crisis

A
  • Mussolini wanted to make Italy into a Great Power like Britain or France by creating an empire.
  • Italy possessed colonies, but they were poor.
  • It needed more impressive territory.
  • There were limited opportunities in Africa to gain colonies.
  • Mussolini targeted Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Abyssinia bordered the colonies of Eritrea and Somaliland and the borders were weakly defended.
  • Abyssinia offered little economic benefit and war would strain Italy’s economy.
  • But Mussolini was not interested in economics.
  • He was interested in nationalism, expansion and glory.
67
Q

Describe the events of the Wal-Wal Incident

A
  • In December 1934, Italian and Abyssinian troops clashed at the small Abyssinian oasis of Wal-Wal.
  • Two Italian and 100 Abyssinian troops were killed.
  • This became known as the Wal-Wal Incident.
68
Q

Different immediate responses to the Wal-Wal Incident

A
  • Italy demanded an indemnity and an apology. Abyssinia appealed to the League of Nations.
  • In September 1935, the League determined the Wal-Wal Incident to be minor and that neither country was at fault.
69
Q

In what way had the invasion of Abyssinia been brewing for a long time?

A
  • Italy had been preparing for an invasion of Abyssinia since December 1934.
  • Britain and France knew of Italy’s plans, but did not want to risk their good relations.
70
Q

When did Italy invade Abyssinia?

A

In October 1935

71
Q

Describe Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia and its immediate effects

A
  • Italy’s modern weaponry, including the use of aerial bombing and poison gas, quickly defeated Abyssinian troops.
  • Haile Selassie, Emperor of Abyssinia, escaped to Britain.
  • By early 1936, the fighting had ended. Italy then merged Abyssinia, Eritrea and Somaliland into one colony called Italian East Africa.
72
Q

Describe the warfare in Abyssinia

A
  • Mussolini ordered the violent repression of Abyssinia.
  • The wholesale destruction of villages and livestock, execution of resistors and the use of poison gas demonstrated Italian ruthlessness.
  • Guerrilla attacks occurred throughout Italian occupation, but with minimal impact.
73
Q

What was the League of Nations’ response to the Abyssinian Crisis?

A
  • The League of Nations condemned the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in October 1935 and voted to impose economic sanctions.
  • An oil embargo on Italy would have hurt its economy.
  • But, the League did not impose it.
  • The main concern over imposing such sanctions revolved around fears that the USA would continue to sell oil to the Italians.
  • Britain chose not to close the Suez Canal to Italian shipping, claiming it could lead to war.
  • France did not threaten Italy either.
  • Abyssinia was condemned to defeat.
74
Q

What did the League’s response to the Abyssinian Crisis lead to?

A
  • In May 1936, the League of Nations allowed the Emperor Haile Selassie to speak.
  • Italy withdrew from the League in protest.
75
Q

What was the overall effect of the Abyssinian Crisis on the LoN?

A
  • The Abyssinian Crisis revealed that the League of Nations could not enforce collective security.
  • The League of Nations was proven impotent and had lost all legitimacy in international affairs.
76
Q

How did the Abyssinian Crisis reveal that the League of Nations could not enforce collective security?

A
  • The League had allowed the destruction of a member state by another member state.
  • Britain and France proved more concerned with their own agendas than the success of the League.
  • It had failed in Manchuria and again in Abyssinia with Japan and Italy withdrawing from the League.
77
Q

Explain how the Abyssinian Crisis created a dilemma for Britain and France because neither country wanted to damage relations with Italy

A
  • In January 1935, the French Foreign Minister, Pierre Laval, promised Mussolini that France would not interfere in Abyssinia.
  • Britain hoped to negotiate a settlement that would allow Italy to administer Abyssinia without annexing it.
78
Q

How did the brutaility of the Italian invasion and occupation of Abyssinia cause domestic political problems in Britain and France?

A
  • Britain’s National Government faced an election in November 1935 with a significant proportion of voters favouring economic sanctions against Italy.
  • In France, socialists supported the League and conservatives supported Italy.
79
Q

What other factor shaped Britain’s and France’s actions towards Italy in response to the Abyssinian Crisis?

A
  • Concerns about Germany.
  • Germany had a rapidly-expading economy and began rearmament.
80
Q

Explain how fear of going to war affected Britain’s and France’s actions in response to the Abyssinian Crisis

A
  • Neither Britain nor France wanted their actions against Italy to escalate to war.
  • Their economies were not strong enough for war and could not afford to rearm for war, especially to support a country far away in Africa.
  • Mussolini’s anti-communism was important to defend against communism’s rise in Europe.
81
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval Plan and when was it devised?

A
  • In December 1935, Laval and the British Foreign Minister, Samuel Hoare, devised the Hoare–Laval Plan.
  • The plan called for giving two-thirds of Abyssinia to Italian control.
  • One-third of Abyssinia would be an independent state with a land corridor providing access to the sea.
82
Q

How did the Hoare-Laval Plan turn out?

A
  • When news of the plan was leaked to the French press, public outrage in Britain forced Hoare to resign.
  • The Hoare–Laval Plan was abandoned.
83
Q

What was the USA’s response to the Abyssinian Crisis?

A
  • The USA unsuccessfully encouraged Mussolini not to invade Abyssinia.
  • After Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia, the USA banned sales of military goods to Italy and Abyssinia in compliance with its Neutrality Acts.
  • The ban hurt only Abyssinia because Italy produced its only military goods.
  • The USA refused to recognize the new colony of Italian East Africa, abiding by the Stimson Doctrine earlier invoked against Japan.
84
Q

What was the Soviet Union’s response to the Abyssinian Crisis?

A
  • The Soviet Union proclaimed that Abyssinian independence must be guaranteed by the League of Nations.
  • The Soviet representative condemned Italy’s actions.
  • In response to the League’s failure to protect Abyssinia, the Soviet Union joined in economic sanctions and imposed an embargo on all trade on Italy.
85
Q

When did Italy withdraw from the League of Nations?

A

In December 1937

86
Q

How was Italy’s economy affected by the Abyssinian Crisis?

A
  • It became more isolated from western Europe and the USA.
  • It strengthened ties to central and eastern European countries.
  • It focused on rearmament.
87
Q

What did the political and economic consequences of the Abyssinian Crisis on Italy allow for?

A
  • They allowed Italy to have more independence in its foreign policy.
  • E.g. Italy began developing closer relations with Germany.
88
Q

Give examples of how Italy began developing closer relations with Germany

A
  • The Rome–Berlin Axis created formal mutual foreign policies and spheres of interest between Italy and Germany.
  • Italy ended cooperation with Britain and France, resulting in a collapse of the Stresa Front.
  • Italy declared that it would not oppose German annexation of Austria.
89
Q

What was the German-Italian relationship like by the late 1930s?

A
  • Germany’s economic growth and military expansion made it the senior partner.
  • Germany would shape the mutual foreign policies.
90
Q

Describe Italy’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War

A
  • Italy and Mussolini supported the conservative Spanish nationalist General Franco in the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939.
  • Italy’s involvement required a large military commitment that the economy could not easily afford.
  • Mussolini hoped that France would become involved, allowing Italy to seize Corsica and territory in south-east France.
  • When France stayed out of the war, Mussolini decided to seize territory elsewhere.
91
Q

Describe Italy’s presence in Albania during WW1

A
  • Albania was a relatively new country, formed as a result of the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913.
  • During the First World War, Italy seized Albania as a way to supply the Kingdom of Serbia.
  • Austro-Hungarian forces quickly drove the Italians out of Albania.
92
Q

Describe Italy’s relationship with Albania following WW1

A
  • Following the war, tensions between Italy and Greece increased over Albania’s borders, and included the Corfu Incident.
  • Italy essentially established a protectorate over Albania.
  • Albanian President Zogu signed an alliance with Italy in 1926.
  • He established a monarchy in 1928, becoming King Zog I, thus replacing a republic with a monarchy.
93
Q

Describe the growing tensions between Italy and Albania, beginning in 1931

A
  • Mussolini attempted to gain control of Albania’s economy and demanded land for Italian settlement.
  • Italian military advisors and instructors were forced out of Albania.
  • Albania closed Italian-operated schools.
  • Mussolini suspended loans to Albania.
94
Q

What was Albania’s response to the growing tensions between it and Italy and what did this lead to?

A
  • Albania appealed to France for help. France demanded even more territory than Italy.
  • King Zog reopened negotiations with Italy. Instead, in June 1934, Italian troops landed in Durrës, Albania’s major port:
  • Albania was prohibited from alliances except with Italy.
  • Restrictions on trade with Italy ended.
  • Italy’s navy was allowed to use Durrës as a naval base.
95
Q

Describe the relationship between Italy and Albania in 1939

A
  • In 1939, Mussolini sent an ultimatum to Albania demanding almost complete control of Albania.
  • King Zog offered to give Italy some concessions. On 7 April 1939, Italian soldiers, ships and aircraft landed at Durrës.
  • By 10 April, all of the country was occupied.
  • Italy annexed Albania and declared Italy’s king to be the new King of Albania.
96
Q

Describe the different responses to Italy’s annexation of Albania

A
  • The League of Nations refused to act.
  • Britain and France did not act.
  • Neighbouring countries did nothing.
  • The Soviet Union verbally protested; it was the only country to protest.
97
Q

What was the Pact of Steel and when was it formed?

A
  • In May 1939, Italy and Germany formed the Pact of Steel.
  • The two countries agreed to support each other in case of war and to economic and military cooperation.
  • Germany promised Italy war was not imminent.
  • Italy was reassured by the promise. Its economy was weakened by its military adventures and the use of deficit spending.
98
Q

How did the Pact of Steel turn out?

A
  • Germany did not abide by the terms of the Pact of Steel or its promise.
  • Germany did not warn about the possibility of war with Poland until August 1939.
  • Mussolini declared that Italy was not ready for war.
99
Q

Describe Italy and Germany’s entry into WW2

A
  • Germany did not abide by the terms of the Pact of Steel or its promise.
  • Germany did not warn about the possibility of war with Poland until August 1939.
  • Mussolini declared that Italy was not ready for war.
  • He made economic and military demands on Germany if Italy was to be prepared for war.
  • Germany agreed that Italy could remain in the alliance without fighting in return for diplomatic and political support and Mussolini quickly agreed.
100
Q

What was the Romanita movement?

A
  • Mussolini advocated the Romanità (‘Romanness’) movement.
  • Fascist writers, artists, and scholars tried to portray fascism as a revival of, and return to Ancient Roman civilization.
  • After 1926, Mussolini was increasingly referred to as Il Duce (Latin for ‘The Leader’).
101
Q

What was ‘spazio vitale’

A
  • Similar to Hitler’s Lebensraum, Mussolini argued that it was necessary that Italy secure spazio vitale (‘living space’) in order for the country to survive and then thrive.
  • This territory would largely be settled by Italians and under the control and influence of Italy itself.
102
Q

Economic effects of WW1 on Italy

A
  • Large numbers of Italian soldiers were rapidly demobilised, causing a significant increase in unemployment, and the government was burdened by high levels of debt.
  • These conditions led to high inflation, with many food prices increasingly beyond the reach of many ordinary Italians.
103
Q

Example of Mussolini’s economic policies in the 1920s

A
  • In 1926, ‘The Battle for Land’ – this was designed to drain swamps and marshes to create more agricultural land.
  • This campaign was largely only successful in an area close to Rome known as the Pontine Marshes.
104
Q

Economic effects of the GD on Italy

A

Unemployment and underemployment were common, with the agricultural sector of the economy particularly badly hit.

105
Q

When was the Corfu Incident?

A

1923

106
Q

What was the Corfu Incident?

A

This was a dispute between Italy and Greece regarding the assassination of an Italian general.

107
Q

How did Mussolini act during the Corfu Incident and how did it turn out for Italy?

A
  • He invaded and bombarded the island of Corfu in retaliation.
  • Ultimately, the Conference of Ambassadors managed to force the Italians to withdraw from Corfu, although Greece paid Italy money to do so.
  • This event was sold as a victory to the Italian people and Mussolini was viewed as a national hero.
108
Q

Examples of Mussolini NOT being aggressive in his foreign policy

A

Mussolini had worked with the international community at Locarno in 1925, and had signed up to the Kellogg–Briand Pact, which renounced war as a tool of diplomacy in 1928.

109
Q

Examples of Mussolini being aggressive in his foreign policy (other than from other flashcards)

A
  • Mussolini had used force to gain the port of Fiume from Yugoslavia in 1924, and he had previously demanded compensation when met with British opposition over his occupation of Corfu in 1923.
  • Mussolini’s aggression was most marked in his actions in Africa, in the brutal crushing of the Libyan revolt up to 1928.

IB HL History Paper 1 (6 decks)

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