Interviewing

Question 1

5. Interviewing - points -2016
   a. Interviews need to be conducted in a conscious and systematic way. What are the most important ethical and practical issues you need to keep in mind during the interview? And what are the most important things that you need to do and say before starting and after finishing the interview?

Answer 1

The Flow of the Interview Process
 Prior - the preparation before the interview....
 During - Conducting the interview
 Introduction
 The interview
 The closing
 After - Reflection after the interview

Check In
-How are you feeling just now?
Body
Feelings
Mind
-Hoe do you feel about being here today?
-Are you ready to start?
-Exploring your curiosity (Guded Visualization)

After the Interview

• Need to block time (alt least 15 minutes) to write down all your impression from the interviews.
• Need to review (or type up) your notes to make sure you can read your own handwriting
• Take the time immediately to review the interview toguether with your partner.

Other Point of View

Prior to conducting an interview:

1. You know your purpose and intention of the interview
2. You know your main research questions and under questions and how questions link to theory
3. You have created your interview guide
4. You have tested your interview on a ‘test case’
5. You have contacted your interviewees and they have given you their informed consent to participate
6. You have booked and agreed upon the time
7. You have your introduction ready (see notes below)
8. You have your questions and the flow ready with indications of which are critical and are priorities and which are least important
9. You have considered what else you want to observe during the interview besides just collecting the content of the overall responses:
   - to register aspects of ‘self’ as instrument (observations in your own body, self, feelings, impressions, fantasies, etc)
   - to notice things in the room, the organisation
10. You know how you will record the information
    - tape/digital
    - taking notes
    - video
11. You know how you will analyse the results of the interview and what will happen with the data once you have collected it
12. You are aware if you have any hypotheses or assumptions (and know what they are and how it may ‘influence or ‘blind’ you in the process)
13. You are aware of the cultural, gender, power issues that may affect your interview process
14. You are aware of the ethical considerations and how you will manage them (see appendix)
15. On some occasions, you can send the framework of the interview prior to coming to the meeting, e.g.: the main questions

Question 2

c. Describe possible feeling or reactions tof the persons involved in the interview – i.e. the interviewee and the interviewer. And comment upon what you would do as an interviewer being aware of possible feelings or reactions or noticing reactions while collecting data by interview.

Answer 2

Observations during the interview
 need to make certain basic observations during the
interview, (contact between self and other) e.g.:
 eye contact or not
 Breath (yours and theirs)
 answer question or not
 ease or difficulty in answering question or not
 Quality of the answers (deep, shallow, polite, pretending, etc.)
 energy level (engaged or bored, tired, distant)
 Feelings (yours and theirs) – joy, positive, ne

What to do when you observe contact is not strong?
Or someone in interview process not feeling well?

 Share your observation ‘I notice that…..
 Ask if they need something or if you need something

In order to get more information it is advisible to use Multiple Interviewers.

On the hand to take into account what influences the interviewing process

Self as instrument – the ‘I’ in Science
How do you influence the interview process?
 your gender and gender of the person interviewing?
 You age and age of the person interviewing?
 Your Country, culture? The interviewee culture?
 Your and interviewee background? Life experience, social
class? Education level? Power base?
 how you behave and what your values are
 which questions you choose
 how you interpret what is being said
 how you use your eyes and ears during the interview
- what do you see and do not see
- what do you hear and do not hear
- What patterns you pick up – and what you miss
 what your goals/motivation are
 If you have any hypothesis or underlying assumptions/beliefs

Question 3

a) Interviews can be viewed as establishing a relationship through a social contract. Elaborate upon what implications this relationship-view on interviewing has on the way you plan and conduct an interview.

Answer 3

we often have developed clear or unclear
psychological ’contracts’ in the work processes
and relations we have

Check list to consider for ethical issues

 Does your research conform to the principles of
informed consent – verbally or in writing:

Your role, responsibility and motivation (intention - contract)

Deception
 Need to be clear on what role you have and contract

Summary
Interviews are relationships – a mini contract for a piece of work

Remember that your contract is to ’collect data’ and not to give advise!

Question 4

c) What are the ethical issues that you need to consider when using interviews for data collection

Answer 4

Ethical Principles
 Whether there is harm to participants
 Whether there is a lack of informed consent
 Whether there is an invasion of privacy
 Whether deception is involved
 Other issues
 Data protection
 Copyright
 Reciprocity and trust
 Affiliation and conflicts of interest

Question 5

b. What is data when you conduct an interview and how can you record data? Elaborate on advantages and disadvantages with the different recording methods

Answer 5

Qualitative researchers are frequently interested not just in what people say but also in the way that they say it.

Collect Data by
Multiple Interviewers: one person would take up the interview, making only brief notes as it went on. The other would take extensive notes, carefully observe the reactions of the respondent and the other interviewer, nod sagely from time to time. the use of two interviewers enables the incorporation of different styles of questioning, as one interviewer can
play the ‘hard’ role in asking diffi cult questions while the other can play a softer, more supportive one. they acknowledge that some respondents
might fi nd talking to two interviewers intimidating and that it might be inappropriate for some social groups.

Recording The Interview: in that the use of a tape recorder may disconcert respondents, who become self-conscious or alarmed at the prospect of their words being preserved.

Trancribing Inverviews: The problem with transcribing interviews is that it is very time-consuming. Pettigrew (1985) notes that his interviews at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) produced around 500 hours of audio-recorded information for analysis, which were either completely transcribed o
coded onto 8 5 inch cards according to predetermined and emergent categories

Taking Notes about the interviewee answers and impressions. Paragon indicated discomfort with being
recorded, she took notes during the interview and wrote these up after the session. The summary notes were then shown to the interviewee, who evaluated their accuracy. This advice also applies to cases of recorder malfunction.

Impressions inclide:

What you are observing
-the interviewee behavior, posture, eye
contact, breath, feelings
-the room
-the environment
How you are feeling
-changes in your own breath
-changes in feelings
-suspicions
-if you are getting hooked to a topic
-if you are feeling confused or lost
What the interviewee is not saying, or
not answering the questions..
Interviewee body language

Question 6

b. What are the ethical and political issues you need to be aware of and take care of when you use the interview method?

Answer 6

thics and politics in Research
 As we are working different purposes we can
have various roles!!
 we often have developed clear or unclear
psychological ’contracts’ in the work processes
and relations we have
 We develop habits of working that we do not pay
attention to
 However we are living in a time – where ethics
and politics are
 very shaky and murky
 very culture specific
 However, in research – we have some
concrete rules!

Question 7

a. What is meant by operationalization?

Answer 7

What do you mean with expresion you use for a problem (what is and what it is not in the context of the research

How it could be measured and how to interpret measurments.

Concrete in survey question in roder to get the information we get from respondetns.

This term operationalization refers to a process of devising measures of concepts in which researchers are interested in carrying out a study. The term derived from physics refers to the operations by which a concept (like temperature or velocity) is measured. Good examples are concepts like motivation to work, TQM, technology, etc. devising a measure for these concepts so as to collect data related to understanding these concepts refers to operationalization. See pg 155, 157-158 for more explanations