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dco test > interview net > Flashcards

interview net Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps from you clicking on an information request on the internet from your machine until you get an answer back from the machine/company at the other end? (Describe the OSI model)

A

Application Layer (Layer 7):
You click on an information request (e.g., a web link) in your web browser. This action triggers an HTTP request.

Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
    Data from the application layer is formatted into a suitable presentation format, such as HTML for web pages.

Session Layer (Layer 5):
    A session is established between your device and the destination server.  parameters for communication, such as session IDs or cookies are set. 

Transport Layer (Layer 4):
    Data is segmented into smaller packets for transmission. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is often used at this layer to ensure reliable delivery of data.

Network Layer (Layer 3):
    The network layer determines the best path for data transmission across the network. Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are added to the packets, and routing decisions are made to forward the packets towards the destination server.

Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
    At this layer, data is broken down into frames and directed via to the appropriate MAC address.

Physical Layer (Layer 1):
    Finally, the data is transmitted over the physical medium, such as Ethernet cables or wireless signals, using electrical or optical signals to the machine on the other end
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2
Q

How would you check a network problem on a machine that was connected yesterday?

A

inspect network cables, validate the IP address, inspect the NIC, check the subnet lease capacity, changes to firewall, software updates

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3
Q

What are VLANS? Why do we need them?

A

a way to logically segment a single physical network into multiple virtual networks. provide flexibility, enhance security, and optimize network resource utilization

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4
Q

What is a network?

A

collection of interconnected devices or nodes that communicate with each other to share resources and information

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5
Q

Explain your home network.

A

devices are connected wirelessly to a central router, which then connects to the internet through your modem which is connected to a coaxial cable that is ran into your house from an ISP’s cabinet box outside of your home. These connections allow you to send and receive data on your personal devices from the internet.

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6
Q

what is dhcp?

A

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. Using UDP for communication, it can assign dynamic IP addresses or lease static IPs to devices temporarily

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7
Q

what is an IP address? whats its purpose?

A

unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network. allow devices to communicate with each other over the internet or within a local network

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8
Q

What is TCP? 3 way handshake?

A

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) a protocol that ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data.
SYN: Initiating device sends a SYN(synchronize sequence number) packet.
SYN-ACK: Receiving device responds with SYN-ACK packet.
ACK: Initiating device sends ACK packet to confirm connection.
More reliable than UDP.

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9
Q

What is UDP?

A

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a data transmission protocol. does not establish a connection before sending data. Each UDP is sent independently of previous or subsequent packets.
Unreliable Delivery: UDP does not guarantee delivery of packets or ensure the order of delivery. Packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. FASTER than TCP.

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10
Q

Can you explain how DNS works?

A

DNS (Domain Name System) translates domain names into IP addresses. It follows a hierarchical structure, with top-level domains (TLDs) like .com or .org at the root. DNS servers translate domain names to IP addresses, querying higher-level servers if needed.

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11
Q

What is NAT? (network address translation)

A

NAT (Network Address Translation) modifies IP addresses in IP packet headers, allowing multiple devices to share one public IP for internet access, conserves IP addresses and enhancing security.

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12
Q

What is the difference between a hub, switch(mac) and router(ip)? How do these work with ARP?

A

Hub: Broadcasts data to all connected devices. No ARP interaction.
Switch: Directs data based on MAC addresses. ARP for MAC learning.
Router: Routes data between networks using IP addresses. ARP for IP to MAC resolution

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13
Q

Examples of network cabling?

A

crossover cables, twisted pair cables, fiber optic cables,

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14
Q

what is fiber attenuation? deliberate use case?

A

refers to the loss of signal strength as light travels through an optical fiber. caused by absorption, scattering, and dispersion of light in fiber. attenuators are used in fiber networks to reduce the signal strength to prevent overloading of receiving equipment and to improve signal quality

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15
Q

What is the difference between singlemode and multimode fiber?

A

single-mode fibersmaller core diameter, only one mode of light propagation, higher bandwidth, longer transmission distances. Multimode fiber, larger core diameter, multiple modes of light propagation, lower bandwidth, shorter transmission distances. MM is cheaper

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16
Q

What are some common connector types for fiber?

A

LC(lucent), SC,(subscriber), MPO(Multi-Fiber Push-On, FC( Ferrule connector)

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17
Q

What is cladding?

A

Layer of material covering core of fiber

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18
Q

What are some tools (software or phys) we can use to troubleshoot network connections?

A

Ping, traceroute, ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux/macOS), network analyzers (Wireshark), VFLs, loopback plugs

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19
Q

What’s ping? When would you use tracert over ping?

A

Ping is used to test the reachability of a host on a network,measure the round-trip time for packets sent to that host. Traceroute provides info about each hop (router) along the path to the destination, showing the latency of each hop and helping diagnose network routing issues.

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20
Q

What is a node?

A

any device connected to a network that can send, receive, or forward data. This includes computers, servers, routers, switches, printers, or any other networked device.

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21
Q

What is a VPN?

A

A VPN encrypts your internet connection from your device to a VPN server, routes that traffic through that server before accessing the internet..masking IP address and location. used to connect to work intranet from home network.

22
Q

What is HTTP and what port does it use?

A

is a protocol used for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML files, over the internet. It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, port 80

23
Q

What is SSH?

A

Secure Shell, secure network protocol for remote access and secure data transfer.Eternal Terminal, Mosh, and Tmux are all terminal multiplexer tools used for SSH. Port 22.

24
Q

What is a firewall?

A

a security device or software that monitors and controls network traffic based on predetermined security rules, protects a network from unauthorized access and malicious attacks

25
Q

What is the difference between multicasting and broadcasting? Use cases for each?

A

broadcasting sends data to all devices on the network (DHCP servers use broadcasting to assign IP addresses), while multicasting sends data to a specific group of recipients who have joined a multicast group(video conference call)

26
Q

What is the main job of ARP? (address resolution protocol)

A

stores mac address, translates IP addresses to mac addresses and vice versa, IPv6 uses NDP instead

27
Q

What is network lag? What causes it?

A

Poor server processing power, low bandwidth or packet loss can cause lag, faulty network configuration, faulty network equipment

28
Q

How would you connect two computers together for file sharing without a hub or router?

A

crossover cable, a type of Ethernet cable

29
Q

What is a mesh network?

A

Nodes (e.g., routers, access points) connected directly to eachother allowing for better data distribution, enhanced reliability and coverage.

30
Q

Which command line tools would you use to troubleshoot a network issue?

A

netstat, ipconfig, ifconfig, ping, tracert, wireshark, router logs

31
Q

Let’s pretend there is a small business with 100 office workers in one building. This business employs you to create a network that will support up to 200 devices, everyone needs access to internal resources and the internet. Build this network - tell me what it looks like:

A

Core Switch: High-capacity switch for the backbone of the network
Access Switches: Distributed access switches.
Structured Cabling: Cat6 Ethernet cables for connectivity.
Wireless Access Points: Strategically placed WAPs for Wi-Fi coverage.
Router/Firewall: Device for internet connectivity and security.
Network Security: VLANs, ACLs, encryption for security.
Monitoring: Network monitoring tools for performance.
Backup and Redundancy: Backup solutions, redundant components.

32
Q

Describe load balancing and bandwidth management:

A

load balancing deals with distributing workload across servers, while bandwidth management focuses on optimizing and controlling the utilization of network resources

33
Q

What would you do to allow workers to connect securely from home

A

SSH + VPN + firewall software

34
Q

What is BGP?

A

Border Gateway Protocol is used to share routing information between routers in separate networks on the internet

35
Q

When a network is said to be congested, what does that mean? How would you fix that?

A

high latency, low bandwidth caused by misconfigured traffic or old hardware or limited network infrastructure for hosts using it, implement better network monitoring to prioritize traffic effectively

36
Q

What are ACLs?

A

ACLs (Access Control Lists) are sets of rules that limit access to resources on a network. They are commonly used in network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls

37
Q

What is HTTPS?

A

HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that uses encryption to protect data transmitted between the client and the server.
It operates over port 443 by default.

38
Q

What are WDMS?

A

A WDM device works by splitting a single optical fiber into multiple channels, like lanes on a highway. Each channel carries data using light of a specific color, or wavelength. These channels can then be combined together and sent through the same fiber without interfering with each other.

39
Q

What is a patch panel?

A

panel with multiple ports where network cables are connected and organized, makes it easier to manage or troubleshoot the network

40
Q

What is STP?

A

Spanning tree protocol is a network protocol that prevent loops in Ethernet networks, which can cause network congestion, instability & broadcast storms.

41
Q

What is EGP?

A

exterior gateway protocol, replaced by BGP, BGP provides more sophisticated features and scalability compared to EGP, thpugh they serve the same purpose, helps routers in different autonomous systems to discover and share the best paths for routing traffic between their networks

42
Q

What is OSPF?

A

“open shortest path first” is a routing protocol used to determine the best path for routing IP packets within computer networks

43
Q

Difference between vlans and subnets?

A

VLANs divide a network into separate groups, like floors in a school building, while subnets further divide each group into smaller sections, like classrooms on a floor. Both VLANs and subnets help manage and organize network traffic

44
Q

What is netstat?

A

command line tool provides info about network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, and more

45
Q

what is ipconfig?

A

command line tool provides info about the current IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server settings for all network interfaces on the system

46
Q

You are tasked with troubleshooting a down fiber connection between two routers in the same room. Walk me though your process.

A

Clean and reseat optics, test, float optics, test, float fiber between both ends, test, measure output & light levels at the end of each section until able to determine where is the faulty fiber, loopback port, verify router port settings

47
Q

what is IGRP?

A

old routing protocol used to move data within an internal network, replaced by OSPF & EIGRP.

48
Q

what is TFTP?

A

protocol allows a client to get a file from or send a file to a remote host within lan, unsecure

49
Q

what is SFTP?

A

allows for file transfers, access to files over a network securely

50
Q

different types of switches?

A

managed, unmanaged, layer 3 switches

51
Q

different types of router?

A

wireless, edge, core

dco test (2 decks)

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