intervievarea victimelor și a martorilor Flashcards

Question

what is Phase 4: report everything

Answer 1

Encourages reporting without any editing, even if witnesses consider details to be unimportant or trivial. Witnesses are instructed to avoid guessing. Allows the witness to generate his/her own retrieval cues. Enables the interviewer to gain a more complete picture.

Answer 2

Encourages a witness to mentally recreate the psychological and physical environment which existed at the time of the event. Descriptions of the environment, the people, smells, feelings and reactions to events. Draws upon the “encoding specificity” principle of memory (e.g. Thompson & Tulving, 1970).

Answer 3

Interviewer instructs witness to; “Think about what you were doing that day. Think about what was happening.  Focus on everything you could see. Concentrate on who you were with.  Think about the other people who may have been near you.  Concentrate on what was said. Think about the weather at the time.” Delivered slowly & deliberately - Pause for several seconds in between each mini instruction.

Answer 4

Witnesses are asked to recall the event using a variety of different orders: - Reverse order - Starting from most salient point and moving forward/backwards from that point. Discourages use of script knowledge May facilitate the recall of script inconsistent information

Answer 5

Witnesses are asked for recall from a variety of perspectives In the shoes of another witness. Forces change in retrieval description, allowing additional information to be recalled from new perspective. Extreme care recommended in the use of this technique Concern that instructions to adopt someone else’s perspective might be interpreted as an invitation to fabricate an answer.

Answer 6

Memon, Meissner, & Fraser (2010) Meta-analysis of 46 papers. Found that the CI produces: - A large increase in correct details - A small increase in errors - No difference in confabulations - Modified versions of the CI yielded similar effects. - CI benefits older witnesses more than young adults. - The effect size declines with delay between event and interview. - Longer delay (1-2 weeks) reduces correct details and confabulations.

Answer 7

The CI is time consuming and resource intensive to train and apply. Ambivalence by officers towards its use. Lack of understanding (officers might know how to use it, but not know how it works) Some components (e.g., the Reverse Order instruction) are difficult to apply and the underlying logic is not apparent. CI was restricted to more serious offences and conducted by an increasingly limited number of officers. Many forces no longer train officers to use the CI.

Answer 8

New evidence-based interview guidelines for frontline police officers (2019) Developed as follows: Policy-makers, specialist and generalist practitioners; academic  subject matter experts, and lay members worked collaboratively; The goal was for the guidance is based on best available evidence  by carrying out systematic reviews of relevant research and  supplementing these with unbiased consensus of expert opinion; The guidance took the form of a series of recommendations for  practice with underpinning supporting evidence.

Answer 9

officers should take steps to build and maintain rapport with the witness throughout the interaction moderate evidence based

Answer 10

officers should separate witnesses to take initial accounts and make sure they are out of earshot of other witnesses moderate evidence based

Answer 11

throughout the first account, officers should clarify the source of the information the witness is providing, e.g. did you see this yourself? good evidence base

Answer 12

officers and staff can take an initial account from an intoxicated person limited evidence practitioner evidence

Answer 13

officers should allow the witness to give an account in their own words, using open questions where possible, to obtain sufficient reliable information to determine next steps moderate evidence

Answer 14

officers should gather information in an objective way and remain neutral if giving feedback, both verbal and non-verbal, to the witness on the information they are providing moderate evidence

Answer 15

if a witness is unable to be specific then the officer should not push them to provide an answer moderate evidence

Answer 16

in some circumstances, the officer may suggest that the witness close their eyes if they need help to focus and recall more detail moderate evidence

Answer 17

after taking an initial account, officers should consider advising witnesses that exposure to other sources of information about the event may affect their recollection and where possible it should be avoided if it is unavoidable, the witness should be advised to make a note of the sources moderate evidence

Answer 18

officers should seek to identify and record any apparent witness needs and vulnerabilities, including reported and observed demeanour, reluctance, and physical or communication needs, to inform future decision making practitioner evidence

Answer 19

serious crime: multiple witnesses limited resources = delay before full interview during this period, eyewitness memory is: prone to forgetting and prone to distortion

Answer 20

People forget things very fast (Ebbinghaus, 1885) Especially details (often vital in an investigation) Instead, we remember the gist (Goldsmith et al., 2005) Memory also fragments over time One detail no longer reminds us of the next detail as it once might have done The completeness & accuracy of recall decreases as the delay between witnessing & recall increases

Answer 21

Memory is fallible and reconstructive. Susceptible to influence From internal sources (stereotypes, schemas) From external sources (co-witnesses, media) Source-confusions are responsible for many memory errors. The source of a memory is forgotten faster than the content of the memory (Horry et al., 2014)

Answer 22

An early recall opportunity can help ‘inoculate’ against forgetting (Brock et al., 1999; McCauley & Fisher, 1995). An item once retrieved is more likely to be retrieved in future (Bjork, 1988; Shaw et al., 1995). Hypermnesia: Repeated retrieval attempts = increased recollection (Turtle & Yuille, 1994). An early recall opportunity can help protect against exposure to misleading post-event information (Gabbert et al., 2012; Memon et al., 2009).

Answer 23

An evidence-based investigative tool that can be used to elicit comprehensive initial statements from witnesses, quickly and efficiently.   It takes the form of a standardised protocol of clear instructions  and questions that enable witnesses to provide their own statement.

Answer 24

Minimal delay between incident and retrieval Multiple witnesses can provide accounts simultaneously Helps identify key witnesses, and aids corroboration Frees up police resources

Answer 25

What happened? Who committed the crime? Any vehicles involved? Any other witnesses? ADVOKATE questions (quality assessment)

Answer 26

Challenge: No officer present to ‘engage and explain’ Solutions: Carefully designed information regarding  what is expected from witnesses Clear instructions about ‘ground rules’ Plain language throughout Pleasant tone of language throughout

Answer 27

Challenge: No officer present to provide retrieval support Solutions: Incorporate retrieval techniques that work in the absence of officer administration Mental reinstatement of context Sketch reinstatement of context Use of open questions Use of non-leading memory cues

Answer 28

Basic procedure using a mock-witness paradigm: 1. General public recruited to act as mock-witnesses 2. View a simulated crime 3. Complete either an SAI, a free-recall, or nothing 4. Delay > 1wk prior to ‘formal interview’ (during which time some people might be exposed to misleading PEI) 5. Formal interview to test memory

Answer 29

Horry et al. (2021) – meta-analysis of 19 studies. The SAI elicits more correct details from witnesses than other reporting formats, with only a slight cost to overall accuracy. Initial completion of an SAI was also found to reduce forgetting, leading to subsequent accounts that were more detailed and accurate for witnesses who had completed an initial SAI than for those who had not. In addition, research has also found that completing an SAI after witnessing a crime: - Protects against memory distortions caused by exposure to misleading questions and Post-Event Information (Gabbert et al., 2012; Gittins et al., 2014) - Enhances performance in a subsequent interview (Gawrylowicz et al., 2013; 2014) the SAI is an effective tool for capturing detailed initial accounts and for preserving witness memory until a formal investigative interview can be conducted.

Answer 30

Fatal road traffic collision 3 perpetrators, 2 investigating officers, 16 witnesses 8 witnesses interviewed by officers Remaining 8 given SAI to complete at the scene feedback from the investigative officers: 7 forms were comprehensive, and a few were more detailed and beyond the standard that some officers sometimes produce. many contained useful detail in proving the case

Answer 31

Violent group, known to police, multiple criminal incidents Male gang member organised attack on ex-girlfriend and her new boyfriend He was shot; she was badly beaten (with broken jaw). One suspect arrested and in custody Testimony from victim urgently required in a legally useable format Interview Advisor liaised with CPS and decision to use SAI Charged with S.18 Grievous Bodily Harm with Intent on basis of SAI statement

Answer 32

In 2019, the College of Policing recommended the officers use the SAI when there are multiple witnesses, and the National Crime Agency recommended use of the SAI within the Witness Interview Strategy for Critical Incidents.