Interventions with offending Flashcards
Types of models of interventions with offending
- Good lives model
- Recovery Model
- RNR Risk, Need, Responsivity Model
Good lives model
‘To become someone who lives a satisfying life that is always respectful of others’ (Mann, 2000)
Primary goods
Secondary goods
Direct and indirect routes- 2 primary routs that lead to onset of offending
- Moved beyond the offending and focuses on strengths of the person and teaches them how to apply them the achieve desired goals and lead “good life”
- Both focuses on individual goals and reduces risk for reoffending
- Strength based apporach ([1] takes seriously offenders’ personal preferences, values, and goals and draws upon this understanding to motivate them to live better lives; and [2] it equips offenders with the capabilities and resources to obtain primary goods in socially acceptable ways.)
-> Basically if persons primary good are met the psychological wellbing increases (Ward and Brown, 2004)
Recovery model
This approach helps focus on an individual’s potential for recovery and explores someone’s personal journey, rather than set outcomes.
Recovery is not defined but rather a journey someone can go on which focusses on the person, not just their symptoms
publishe by NIMHE (2005) guidance principles include:
- Person-Centred
- Understanding that individual differences exist
- Professionals must be aware of service-dependency
- Holistic & integrated approach with different disciplines
- Come from a strength-based approach
- Family, partners and friends can be involved – Triangle of Care
- Delivery should be mindful of and within cultural contexts
e.g. GLM
Prevalence of MH issues in prisons
Significantly greater than in the general population (Fazel et al., 2016) with women being more affected by men (e.g MDD)
The MH issues include
- NDD (~26% have ADHD (Young et al., 2015)
- A lot of personality disorders (estimates from 10-65% of some type of personality disorder = the discrepancy may be depending on the instrument used to diagnose (self-report vs. clinician’s diagnosis) )
Data from 2011: around 24% of prisoners need secondary MH service
Prevalence of MH issues in prisons
Significantly greater than in the general population (Fazel et al., 2016) with women being more affected by men (e.g MDD)
The MH issues include
- NDD (~26% have ADHD (Young et al., 2015)
- A lot of personality disorders (estimates from 10-65% of some type of personality disorder = the discrepancy may be depending on the instrument used to diagnose (self-report vs. clinician’s diagnosis) but also a lot of personality disorder traits correlate with criminality)
Data from 2011: around 24% of prisoners need secondary MH service
Who are Forensic MH service users?
Forensic mental health (FMH) services are provided for
(a) individuals with a mental disorder who:
(b) pose, or have posed, risks to others and
(c) where that risk is usually related to their mental disorder
Aims of FMH services
- Treating the service users to allow them independence and recovery
- Managing the MH issues and lowering their risk of reoffending
- MH includes physical/medical care and psychological and social care.
Stats of FMH services
The number of people admitted to FMH services is growing.
In 2013 ~6000 ppl in services (most in medium and low)
Risk, Need, Responsivity Model (RNR) - (Andrews et al., 1990; 2006)
RISK MANAGEMENT intervention.
RISK principle- more crime can be prevented by targeting high risk offenders
NEED principle- need to address crimonogenic factors (traits associated with crime or dynamic risk factors)
RESPONSIVITY principle- the intervention must be match to individually to the offender
NOT used anymore- bad
Based on the idea that certain empirically-based social and psychological risk factors are associated with offending + the offender’s level of risk increases with the presence of each additional risk factor, and that targeting dynamic (i.e., potentially changeable factors that give rise to offending) risk factors in treatment will reduce reoffending rates.
The Recovery Model- 5 principles
CHIME (Leamy, 2011): Conectedness Hope and optimism about the future Identity Meaning in life Empowerment
Psychological interventions in the CJS
Offending Behaviour Programs (OBP) (other interventions than the core ones)
Some prisoners need to complete these to be discharged
- Kaizen (high security)
- RESOLVE; Building Better Relationships (BBR) (medium secure)
- Thinking Skills Program (TSP)
Need to be shifting from the main goal of “lowering the risk of reoffendnig” to “creating people who live satisfying lives and always respect others (Mann, 2000)
Key featuers of OBP
- Moslty based on RNR model
- Generally in groups
- Usually assess the effectiveness based on reconviction stats
Studies assessing the theoretical basis for RNR model
Initially evidence to show a decrease in reoffending (McGuire, 2008) BUT newer studies showed their data was not sufficient and that there is no benefical effects of the program on violent and sexual offending (Dennis et al., 2012)
Heavily critisized for not enaging offenders to take part in the rehab process (Ward & Maruna, 2007)
Higher levels of reoffendnig (10% vs 8% rates) in offenders who took the program (Mews et al., 2017)
Studies assessing the theoretical basis for The good lives model
Zeccola et al., 2021
- Systematic review evaluating the efficacy of GLM in redused recidivism
=>In half the reviewed studies, GLM did not increase recidivism risk;
=> In half the reviewed studies, only when the correct treatment dosage was applied that some evidence of risk reduction was found;
=> There was limited support for GLM increasing or sustaining motivation for resistance from reoffending
BUT limited research for review and insufficient data to support that GLM decreases recidivism (although some indications of it)
Studies assessing the theoretical basis for usage of OBSs
Assesses theoretical basis, content, evidence base, and evaluation data for OBPs (Maguire, Grubin, Losel & Raynor, 2010)
