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Anatomy Exam 1 > Interval 2 > Flashcards

Interval 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Thymoma

A
  • May develop in superior or anterior mediastinum

- Patients may also have MG

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2
Q

Thymoma

A
  • May develop in superior or anterior mediastinum

- Patients may also have MG

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3
Q

Signs and symptoms of thymoma

A

-Obstructed left brachiocephalic vein and chest pain

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4
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Cause and signs

A
  • SVC compressed by lymph nodes enlarged because of metastasis from bronchogenic carcinoma or because of carcinoma itself
  • Headache, edema of head and neck, prominent superficial veins, and cyanosis
  • Veins of upper limbs fail to empty when limb is elevated about the heart
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5
Q

In a complete SVC occlusion, venous return from head, neck, and upper limbs is shunted ________.

A

-Into tributaries of IVC

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6
Q

Where may anastomoses of SVC to IVC occur:

A
  • between lateral thoracic veins and superficial epigastric veins
  • Between superior epigastric veins and inferior epigastric veins
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7
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

-Constriction of aorta that occurs just proximal (infantile type) or distal (adult type) to ligamentum arteriosum

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8
Q

Describe blood pressure in patients with coarctation of aorta

A
  • reduced blood pressure to lower limbs

- elevated BP in head, neck, and upper limbs

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9
Q

Collateral circulation to bypass coarctation of aorta; how will blood flow

A
  • anastomoses in intercostal spaces between anterior intercostal arteries (from internal thoracic artery) and posterior intercostal arteries (from descending aorta) provide collateral circulation that bypasses coarctation
  • Blood flows in retrograde direction through posterior intercostal arteries into descending aorta
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10
Q

What is a result that may be visible on a radiograph in a patient with corarctation of aorta?

A
  • Notching of the ribs

- dilation of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries may result in resorption of ribs and notching can be seen

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11
Q

Where to carcinomas of the esophagus usually develop?

A
  • At one of the three sites of constriction in mediastinum
  • Dented on left due to aortic arch, indented anteriorly due to left main bronchus, and at esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
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12
Q

Swallowed, not aspirated, foreign body location

A

-at 1 of 3 sites of constriction of esophagus in mediastinum

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13
Q

Patients with aneurysm of aorta arch may experience:

A
  • Aneurysm may compress trachea, esophagus, and left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness
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14
Q

Sensory branches of the ___________ innervate the parietal layers of the pericardium

A

-Phrenic nerves

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15
Q

What causes a cardiac tamponade?

A

-Accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity that compresses chambers of the heart

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16
Q

Pericardial effusion may result in _________, which is?

A

-Kussmaul’s sign: distention of veins of neck on inspiration

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17
Q

Patients with tamponade have ______ venous return and ________ cardiac output

A

decreased and reduced

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18
Q

What can be done to relieve cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Pericardiocentesis

- needle is passed through parietal pericardium to aspirate blood from the pericardial sac

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19
Q

Where is the site for pericardiocentesis?

A

-left xiphocostal angle

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20
Q

Signs and symptoms of thymoma

A

-Obstructed left brachiocephalic vein and chest pain

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21
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Cause and signs

A
  • SVC compressed by lymph nodes enlarged because of metastasis from bronchogenic carcinoma or because of carcinoma itself
  • Headache, edema of head and neck, prominent superficial veins, and cyanosis
  • Veins of upper limbs fail to empty when limb is elevated about the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In a complete SVC occlusion, venous return from head, neck, and upper limbs is shunted ________.

A

-Into tributaries of IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where may anastomoses of SVC to IVC occur:

A
  • between lateral thoracic veins and superficial epigastric veins
  • Between superior epigastric arteries and inferior epigastric veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

-Constriction of aorta that occurs just proximal (infantile type) or distal (adult type) to ligamentum arteriosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe blood pressure in patients with coarctation of aorta

A
  • reduced blood pressure to lower limbs

- elevated BP in head, neck, and upper limbs

26
Q

Collateral circulation to bypass coarctation of aorta; how will blood flow

A
  • anastomoses in intercostal spaces between anterior intercostal arteries (from internal thoracic artery) and posterior intercostal arteries (from descending aorta) provide collateral circulation that bypasses coarctation
  • Blood flows in retrograde direction through posterior intercostal arteries into descending aorta
27
Q

What is a result that may be visible on a radiograph in a patient with corarctation of aorta?

A
  • Notching of the ribs

- dilation of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries may result in resorption of ribs and notching can be seen

28
Q

Where to carcinomas of the esophagus usually develop?

A
  • At one of the three sites of constriction in mediastinum
  • Dented on left due to aortic arch, indented anteriorly due to left main bronchus, and at esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
29
Q

Swallowed, not aspirated, foreign body location

A

-at 1 of 3 sites of constriction of esophagus in mediastinum

30
Q

Smooth walled part of left vs. right ventricle

A

right ventricle: conus arteriosus or infundibulum, leads to pulmonary trunk

left ventricle: aortic vestibule that leads to ascending aorta

31
Q

Sensory branches of the ___________ innervate the parietal layers of the pericardium

A

-Phrenic nerves

32
Q

What causes a cardiac tamponade?

A

-Accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity that compresses chambers of the heart

33
Q

Pericardial effusion may result in _________, which is?

A

-Kussmaul’s sign: distention of veins of neck on inspiration

34
Q

Patients with tamponade have ______ venous return and ________ cardiac output

A

decreased and reduced

35
Q

What can be done to relieve cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Pericardiocentesis

- needle is passed through parietal pericardium to aspirate blood from the pericardial sac

36
Q

A penetrating wound of a chamber of the heart or weakening of a wall of the heart from MI may cause an __________________ as a result of accumulation of blood in pericardial cavity. What is accumulation of blood here called?

A
  • Acute tamponade

- hemopericardium

37
Q

Describe course of needle in pericardiocentesis

A

-pass through skin, fascia, rectus sheath, rectus abdominus muscle, fibrous layer, serous layer of parietal pericardium

38
Q

Pericarditis and effects in patients

A
  • causes stiffening and reduced compliancy of serous pericardium
  • ventricles may not fill completely and cardiac output may be reduced because of a pericardial effusion
39
Q

Epicardium is what layer?

A

-visceral layer of serous pericardium

40
Q

What vertebrae does the left atrium extend over?

A

T6-T8

41
Q

Where is apex of heart found?

A

-Posterior to left 5th intercostal space

42
Q

MI and common acute cause

A
  • results from a localized avascular necrosis of cardiac muscle cells caused by prolonged ischemia
  • LAD is common side of an occlusion that results in an acute MI
  • Less common is due to right coronary artery occlusion and circumflex branch of left coronary artery
43
Q

How is blood shunted in patients with atrial septal defects?

A

-Left atrium to right atrium since BP is usually higher on left side than right side of heart in postnatal life

44
Q

Right ventricle contains the _____________ which extends from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum. What does it contain?

A
  • Moderator band

- Contains right bundle brnach of interventricular bundle of His

45
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

-large postnatal defect in interventricular septum (most often in membranous part) results in too much pulmonary blood flow causes by shunt of blood from the left into right ventricle

46
Q

What might result in patients with a ventricular defect?

A

-pulmonary hypertension, causing congestive heart failure

47
Q

Smooth walled part of left vs. right ventricle

A

right ventricle: conus arteriosus or infundibulum, leads to pulmonary trunk

left ventricle: aortic vestibule that leads to ascending aorta

48
Q

Where can you auscultate heart valve sounds?

A
  • Aortic: adjacent to right side of sternum in second intercostal space
  • Pulmonary valve: adjacent to left side of sternum in second intercostal space
  • Tricuspid: adjacent to left side of sternum in 5th intercostal space
  • Mitral: 5th intercostal space in midclavicular line (apex beat)
49
Q

What may cause valvular stenosis in aortic and mitral valves?

A

-diseases like rheumatic fever

50
Q

Where is blood impeded in mitral and aortic valve stenosis?

A

-Mitral: impedes flow of blood from left atrium to left ventricle

Aortic: slows rate at which blood empties from left ventricle

51
Q

A defect in a leaflet or cusp of any of the 4 heart valves may result in _______.

A

Prolapse of that valve component and regurgitation of blood back into the chamber behind the valve

52
Q

Prolapse is commonly seen in leaflets of the _______.

A

Mitral valve

53
Q

Heart murmur is sound that results from ________.

A

-vibrations produced by turbulent flow of blood

54
Q

What can cause a murmor?

A

-May result from stenotic or incompetent valve, from increased flow through valve, or dilated heart chamber adjacent to valve

55
Q

Heart murmurs may occur during diastole (____________), systole (_______) and may have a longer duration that normal heart valve sounds.

A
  • Mitral valve stenosis

- Aortic valve stenosis

56
Q

Angina pectoris

A

-chest pain that results from transient ischemia brought on by exertion

57
Q

What does the ischemia that causes angina pectoris result from?

A

-reduced blood flow to cardiac muscle becuase of narrowing of a coronary atery, but there is no loss of cardiac muscle cells

58
Q

Pain referral of angina pectoris

A

-Substernal pain that may be referred over T1-4 dermatomes of the thoracic wall corresponding to the same segments of spinal cord that provide sympathetic innervation of the heart

59
Q

MI and common acute cause

A
  • results from a localized avascular necrosis of cardiac muscle cells caused by prolonged ischemia
  • LAD is common side of an occlusion that results in an acute MI
60
Q

In patients, onset of MI is usually marked by _______.

A

-sudden, severe pain beneath the sternum

61
Q

AV block

A
  • conduction is slowed through AV node, some impulses are not transmitted through the node
  • in complete block, nothing is transmitted
62
Q

What happens in a complete AV block?

A
  • Contractions of atria and ventricles become dissociated and these chambers beat independently
  • Atria may continue to contract at 70 bpm and pacemaker may develop in AV bundle distal to site of block to contract ventricles at 30-40 bpm

Anatomy Exam 1 (2 decks)

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