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Interspecific relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a community

A

All species /living organisms found in a particular location and interact with each other in a variety of ways

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2
Q

Name 6 interspecific relationships

A

Competition-
Commensalism
Herbivory
Mutalism
Predation
Parasitism

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3
Q

What’s a predation relationship

A

One animal species eats members of another animal species

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4
Q

What’s herbivory relationship

A

An animal species eats part of a plant species

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5
Q

What’s competition relationship

A

Members of different species compete for the same resources

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6
Q

What’s parasitism relationship

A

member of 1 species lives on (or inside )members of another species feeding off them

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7
Q

What’s a mutualistic relationship

A

2 species provide each other with different resources and both benefit

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8
Q

What’s commensalism relationship

A

1 species benefits from or aids another species , while not being affected itself

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9
Q

What is competition and when does it exist

A

Competition exists when organisms need the same resources that are scarce .

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10
Q

NAme 2 types of competition

A

Interspecific and intraspecific

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11
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of DIFFERENT species

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12
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the SAME species

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13
Q

What is Gause’s Law

A

No 2 species can occupy the same niche indefinitely in the same habitat

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14
Q

What is another name for Gause’s law

A

Principle of competitive exclusion

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15
Q

What 3 types of interspecific relationships display exploitation

A

Parasitism, Herbivory,Predatation

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16
Q

What has co=evolution allowed to be evolved between species

A

Partnerships which both species benefit

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17
Q

What is a Actogram

A

Graphical representation of an organisms activity during a day

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18
Q

What is an Auxin

A

A plants growth hormone that promotes growth by cell enlargement/elongaton in a plants shoots and germinating seeds

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19
Q

What is Batesian mimicry

A

A harmless organism copies the pattern of a dangerous organism to get protection

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20
Q

What is the biological clock

A

The mechanism that produces regular periodic changes in behaviour or physiology due to an internal clock

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21
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

The DIRECTIONAL movement of an ANIMAL in response to CHEMICALS in the environment - ie female mosquito follow carbon dioxide gradient toward their prey

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22
Q

What is circa

A

Rhythm of about …. eg circadian ( about a day ) etc

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23
Q

What is a circadian rhythm

A

Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 24hrs a solar day

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24
Q

What is a circa lunar rhythm

A

Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 29.5 days the approx cycle of a lunar month

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25
Q

What is a circannular rhythm

A

Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 365.25 days the approx cycle of a solar year

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26
Q

What is a circatidal rhythm

A

Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 12.5 hrs the approx cycle of the tides

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27
Q

How many days in a circaluna rhythm

A

29.5 days

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28
Q

How many hours make a circatidal rhythm

A

12.5hrs

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29
Q

How many hours make a circadian rhythm

A

Approx 24hrs

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30
Q

What is commensalism

A

interaction/relatioship between 2 animal or plant species that live together in which one species benefits from the association while the other is not significantly affected (+/0) ( ie Ecoli in human gut )

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31
Q

what is a community

A

all living plants and animals living in a defined area

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32
Q

what is competition

A

The interaction/relationship between 2 or more organisms, populations or species that share some environmental resources when this is in short supply. Both animal s are harmed ( -,-)

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33
Q

Complex hierarchy

A

A social structure in which each animal has a relative position of dominance eg baboons

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34
Q

what is cooperative breeding

A

A breeding system in which members of an extended family ( usually older offspring from the same parents ) all help in the raring of offspring ( ie Pukekohe nest in communal groups and other Pukekohe help parents raise the young )

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35
Q

What is cooperative defence

A

When members of a group combine their strengths to defend against predators eg Siberian musk ox form a protective circles around their young when threatened by a predator

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36
Q

What is courtship behaviour

A

Behaviour in animals that plays a part in the initial attraction of a mate or as a prelude to mating .These are often species specific

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37
Q

What are Crepuscular animals

A

Animals that are active at dawn and dusk

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38
Q

What are Day neutral plants

A

A plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length

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39
Q

What is dominance

A

Behaviour shown in an individual that is higher in a heirachy then the individual its relating with

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40
Q

What does endogenous mean

A

Rhythm controlled by an INTERNAL biological clock due to their DNA, independent of external stimuli

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41
Q

What is entrainment

A

Resetting the biological clock due to rhythmic environmental influences on a regular basis ,forcing it to take up the new period of the environmental cycle

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42
Q

What are environmental cues

A

Change in theEXTERNAL environment that triggers a change in Behaviour or physiology

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43
Q

What is exploitation

A

Interaction between species in which 1 benefits by using the other as a source of food or shelter (+,-)

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44
Q

What is a free running period

A

Period of a biological rhythm that is free running ,proceeds independently of external environmental clues/changes

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45
Q

What is geotaxis

A

Directional movement of an animal in response to gravity eg shell fish burrow down into sand exhibiting +ve tropism ( can be +ve -toward or -ve - away from )

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46
Q

What is geotropism

A

DIRECTIONAL growth of a Plant organs in response to gravity

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47
Q

What is herbivorism

A

Form of exploration where 1 animal eats a plant (+,-)

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48
Q

What is home range

A

An area occupied by members of a species to find food /resources but is NOT defended

49
Q

What is homing

A

Ability of an organism to find its way back to a specific area - eg Salmon returning home to spawn

50
Q

What is Indoleacetic acid

A

Naturally occurring auxin that synthesised in shoot tips and responsible for cell elongation in the plant stem

51
Q

What is another name for Indoleacetic acid

A
52
Q

What is innate behaviour

A

Behaviour controlled by our biological clock/DNA

53
Q

What is a interspecific relationship

A

Interaction between different species

54
Q

What is intraspecific relationships

A

Interaction between members of the SAME species

55
Q

What is kinesis

A

NON -DIRECTIONAL movement of an organism in repose to a stimulus where the RATE of movement depends on INTENSITY ( rather than direction ) of the stimulus ( eg Slater moves slowly in damp and fast in dry conditions )

56
Q

What is the K-stratagy

A

A reproductive strategy where parents produce few young but give them lots of parental care . Most young survive

57
Q

What is learned behaviour

A

Behaviour not controlled by our DNA/biological clock

58
Q

What is linear hierarchy

A

Ranked order of organism in population from most dominant to most submissive. Known as Dominance hierarchy also

59
Q

What are long day plants

A

Plants in which flowering can be induced /enhanced by long days and short nights , usually with more than 12hrs daylight

60
Q

What is migration

A

Seasonal mass movement of an organisms from one area ( breeding ground0 to another ( feeding grounds) and back. Usually a response to lower temperatures resulting in reduced food supply and often triggered by a shortening day length

61
Q

What is Mullein mimicry

A

2 or more poisonous species have similar colouration therefore get protection

62
Q

What is mutualism

A

An relationship where 2 species both benefit from the relationship ( +,+)

63
Q

What are Nastic movements

A

NON _DIRECTIONAL movements of PLANTD in response to external stimuli - ie tulips opening in response to increased temperature

64
Q

What’s navigation

A

Methods organisms use to find their way

65
Q

Name 4 types of navigation

A

Solar ( sun )
Stella ( star maps)
Magnetic
Ocean currents

66
Q

What is negative tropism

A

Plant grows away from a stimulus

67
Q

What are nocturnal animals

A

Animals that are active at night

68
Q

What is parasitism

A

A form of exploitation where 1 species lives on another to obtain food (+,-)

69
Q

What’s a period of activity

A

Time from the start of activity until the start of activity again ( length of a rhythm and time it takes to repeat )

70
Q

What’s a phase shift

A

When light/dark is altered , the phase shift is the amount by which the period alters ( onset of a period of rhythm is changed to earlier or later )

71
Q

What’s photoperiodism

A

The response of an organism to changes in day(?? NIGHT NEED CHECK ) length ( photoperiod)

72
Q

What is dominance hierarchy

A

Ranked order of organism in population from most dominant to most submissive.Also known as linear hierarchy

73
Q

What usually triggers migration

A

Lower temperatures resulting in. less food and often triggered by shorter day length )

74
Q

what is another name for linear hierarchy

A

Dominance hierarchy

75
Q

What is phototaxis

A

DIRECTIONAL movement ANIMAL in response to light - eg certain algae detect light using sensitive eyespot and move to regions of higher light to enhance photosynthesis )

76
Q

What is phototropism

A

DIRECTIONAL growth PLANT organs I response to light - shoots usually grow unto light

77
Q

What is phytochrome

A

Pigment that exists in 2 forms Pr and Pfr controls the photoperiodic response -
in day Pr—> Pfr ( so lots Pfr - long day flowers flower
In night Pfr—> Pr ( lots Pr - so short day flowers flower)

78
Q

What type of plants flower in high concentrations Pfr

A

long day plants ( memory tip Pfr longer than Pr ) so long day plants when lots Pfr )

79
Q

What type of plants flower in high concentrations Pr

A

short day plants memory tip Pr longer than Pfr ) so short day plants when lots Pr )

80
Q

What is the pineal gland

A

Small pea shaped gland in brain that acts as timekeeper )

81
Q

What is predation

A

A form of exploitation where 1 animal hunts ( predator ) another animal ( Prey ) for food

82
Q

What is the R strategy

A

Reproductive strategy where parents use energy to produce lots young but give no parental care to young ( lots of the young die early ) ( clue-to remember rough (R )parents so not” care”for young )

83
Q

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Cells in the brain that sleep track of day and night length

84
Q

What are short day plants

A

Plants which flowering is induced or enhanced by short days ( long nights ) , usually less than 12hr of daylight

85
Q

What is taxes

A

DIRECTIONAL movement of ANIMALS toward ( +) or away( -) in response to an external stimuli

86
Q

What is territory

A

Area which an organism or group of organisms USE and ACTIVELY DEFEND

87
Q

What is thigmotropism

A

Growth of a aerial plant in response to a localised physical contact ( eg bean tendrils twinge around a support pole)

88
Q

What is tropism

A

DIRECTIONAL growth Plant toward ( + ) or away (-) from a external stimulus

89
Q

What is Zeitgeber

A

external Environmental cue that sets the biological clock ( eg onset of daylight )

90
Q

What is orthokinesis

A

Orientation response in which the strength of the stimulus determines the rate of linear movement

91
Q

What is klinotaxis

A

Taxis in which orientation depends on receptors alternately comparing the INTENSITY of the stimulus as the body moves from side to side

92
Q

What is antibiosis

A

Inhibition of bacterial growth by production of growth-inhibiting substances ( antibiotics ) by fungi

93
Q

What is klinokinesis

A

Orientation response in which strength of the stimulus determines the rate of turning

94
Q

What is diurnal mean

A

Active during daylight

95
Q

What is the sun compass

A

A biological clock that enables a migrating bird or insect to fly using the sun and continuously adjusting its angle to the sun while flying

96
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

individuals of the same species , who have similar needs ,compete for scarce resources

97
Q

Name 5 resources that intraspecies competition compete for

A

Mates
Nesting sites
Breeding territories
Food
Space

98
Q

How can intraspecific competition be seen in plant populations

A

decrease growth rate with increasing density

99
Q

How can intraspecific competition be seen in animal populations

A

decreased reproduction rate with increasing density
( either decreased birth rate ( natality ) or increased death rate ( mortality )

100
Q

do animals need to prepare for migration

A

yes

101
Q

does migration involve risk to individuals

A

yes - may not have enough fat etc is die , wind pushes off course and kills them ec

102
Q

what must occur for long distance migration to evolve

A

Advantages /benefits must outweigh disadvantages /costs– migration offers greater reproductive success cf non migration

103
Q

To home successfully what 2 things does an animal require

A

navigation skills and to navigate need internal clock

104
Q

To migrate what does an animal require

A

navigation skills and internal clock

105
Q

is migration innate or learnt

A

Innate - adults not teach however experience over years improves success rate

106
Q

how can animals prepare for migration

A

lay fat down for energy
new features etc

107
Q

name 5 tools for navigation

A

landmarks
solar
stellar
magnetic fields
chemical scents
sonar

108
Q

are free running periods typically 24hrs

A

no

109
Q

if a free running period is greater than 24hrs what occurs to onset activity

A

Occurs later each day

110
Q

if a free running period is less than 24hrs what occurs to onset activity

A

Occurs earlier each day

111
Q

What are exogenous patterns of activity

A

Determined by external factors ie photosynthesis ( can only occur If enough light)

112
Q

When a constant condition cease due to introduction of a zeitgeber ( eg. onset of light ) what happens to an organisms activity

A

The organisms activity will Phase shift (activity will change to time each day until coincides with new zeitegeber )

113
Q

How is internal clock trained in humans

A

Daylight sensed by eyes - goes to the SCN in hypothalamus—(clock site ) – stimulates/inhibits melatonin production in pineal gland -(day inhibits production promoting wake)

114
Q

What is the thought free running period of human internal clock and what’s this mean

A

24.5 hrs so needs constantly reset by zeitegeber of light/dark cycle

115
Q

What’s adaptive advantage of activity controlled by environmental cues entraining a biological clock

A

Allows organism anticipate /predict onset of favourable conditions and prepare activities ie migration so SYNCHRONISING to favourable conditions and INC. survivable and reproduction

116
Q

Are herbivores predators

A

No

117
Q

Do plants exploit herbivores

A

Can to get pollinated

118
Q

What has co=evolution allowed to be evolved between species

A

Partnerships which both species benefit

Interspecific relationships (3 decks)

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