Interspecific relationships Flashcards
1
Q
What is a community
A
All species /living organisms found in a particular location and interact with each other in a variety of ways
2
Q
Name 6 interspecific relationships
A
Competition-
Commensalism
Herbivory
Mutalism
Predation
Parasitism
3
Q
What’s a predation relationship
A
One animal species eats members of another animal species
4
Q
What’s herbivory relationship
A
An animal species eats part of a plant species
5
Q
What’s competition relationship
A
Members of different species compete for the same resources
6
Q
What’s parasitism relationship
A
member of 1 species lives on (or inside )members of another species feeding off them
7
Q
What’s a mutualistic relationship
A
2 species provide each other with different resources and both benefit
8
Q
What’s commensalism relationship
A
1 species benefits from or aids another species , while not being affected itself
9
Q
What is competition and when does it exist
A
Competition exists when organisms need the same resources that are scarce .
10
Q
NAme 2 types of competition
A
Interspecific and intraspecific
11
Q
What is interspecific competition
A
Competition between members of DIFFERENT species
12
Q
What is interspecific competition
A
Competition between members of the SAME species
13
Q
What is Gause’s Law
A
No 2 species can occupy the same niche indefinitely in the same habitat
14
Q
What is another name for Gause’s law
A
Principle of competitive exclusion
15
Q
What 3 types of interspecific relationships display exploitation
A
Parasitism, Herbivory,Predatation
16
Q
What has co=evolution allowed to be evolved between species
A
Partnerships which both species benefit
17
Q
What is a Actogram
A
Graphical representation of an organisms activity during a day
18
Q
What is an Auxin
A
A plants growth hormone that promotes growth by cell enlargement/elongaton in a plants shoots and germinating seeds
19
Q
What is Batesian mimicry
A
A harmless organism copies the pattern of a dangerous organism to get protection
20
Q
What is the biological clock
A
The mechanism that produces regular periodic changes in behaviour or physiology due to an internal clock
21
Q
What is chemotaxis
A
The DIRECTIONAL movement of an ANIMAL in response to CHEMICALS in the environment - ie female mosquito follow carbon dioxide gradient toward their prey
22
Q
What is circa
A
Rhythm of about …. eg circadian ( about a day ) etc
23
Q
What is a circadian rhythm
A
Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 24hrs a solar day
24
Q
What is a circa lunar rhythm
A
Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 29.5 days the approx cycle of a lunar month
25
What is a circannular rhythm
Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 365.25 days the approx cycle of a solar year
26
What is a circatidal rhythm
Behaviour of an organism which is approx. 12.5 hrs the approx cycle of the tides
27
How many days in a circaluna rhythm
29.5 days
28
How many hours make a circatidal rhythm
12.5hrs
29
How many hours make a circadian rhythm
Approx 24hrs
30
What is commensalism
interaction/relatioship between 2 animal or plant species that live together in which one species benefits from the association while the other is not significantly affected (+/0) ( ie Ecoli in human gut )
31
what is a community
all living plants and animals living in a defined area
32
what is competition
The interaction/relationship between 2 or more organisms, populations or species that share some environmental resources when this is in short supply. Both animal s are harmed ( -,-)
33
Complex hierarchy
A social structure in which each animal has a relative position of dominance eg baboons
34
what is cooperative breeding
A breeding system in which members of an extended family ( usually older offspring from the same parents ) all help in the raring of offspring ( ie Pukekohe nest in communal groups and other Pukekohe help parents raise the young )
35
What is cooperative defence
When members of a group combine their strengths to defend against predators eg Siberian musk ox form a protective circles around their young when threatened by a predator
36
What is courtship behaviour
Behaviour in animals that plays a part in the initial attraction of a mate or as a prelude to mating .These are often species specific
37
What are Crepuscular animals
Animals that are active at dawn and dusk
38
What are Day neutral plants
A plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length
39
What is dominance
Behaviour shown in an individual that is higher in a heirachy then the individual its relating with
40
What does endogenous mean
Rhythm controlled by an INTERNAL biological clock due to their DNA, independent of external stimuli
41
What is entrainment
Resetting the biological clock due to rhythmic environmental influences on a regular basis ,forcing it to take up the new period of the environmental cycle
42
What are environmental cues
Change in theEXTERNAL environment that triggers a change in Behaviour or physiology
43
What is exploitation
Interaction between species in which 1 benefits by using the other as a source of food or shelter (+,-)
44
What is a free running period
Period of a biological rhythm that is free running ,proceeds independently of external environmental clues/changes
45
What is geotaxis
Directional movement of an animal in response to gravity eg shell fish burrow down into sand exhibiting +ve tropism ( can be +ve -toward or -ve - away from )
46
What is geotropism
DIRECTIONAL growth of a Plant organs in response to gravity
47
What is herbivorism
Form of exploration where 1 animal eats a plant (+,-)
48
What is home range
An area occupied by members of a species to find food /resources but is NOT defended
49
What is homing
Ability of an organism to find its way back to a specific area - eg Salmon returning home to spawn
50
What is Indoleacetic acid
Naturally occurring auxin that synthesised in shoot tips and responsible for cell elongation in the plant stem
51
What is another name for Indoleacetic acid
52
What is innate behaviour
Behaviour controlled by our biological clock/DNA
53
What is a interspecific relationship
Interaction between different species
54
What is intraspecific relationships
Interaction between members of the SAME species
55
What is kinesis
NON -DIRECTIONAL movement of an organism in repose to a stimulus where the RATE of movement depends on INTENSITY ( rather than direction ) of the stimulus ( eg Slater moves slowly in damp and fast in dry conditions )
56
What is the K-stratagy
A reproductive strategy where parents produce few young but give them lots of parental care . Most young survive
57
What is learned behaviour
Behaviour not controlled by our DNA/biological clock
58
What is linear hierarchy
Ranked order of organism in population from most dominant to most submissive. Known as Dominance hierarchy also
59
What are long day plants
Plants in which flowering can be induced /enhanced by long days and short nights , usually with more than 12hrs daylight
60
What is migration
Seasonal mass movement of an organisms from one area ( breeding ground0 to another ( feeding grounds) and back. Usually a response to lower temperatures resulting in reduced food supply and often triggered by a shortening day length
61
What is Mullein mimicry
2 or more poisonous species have similar colouration therefore get protection
62
What is mutualism
An relationship where 2 species both benefit from the relationship ( +,+)
63
What are Nastic movements
NON _DIRECTIONAL movements of PLANTD in response to external stimuli - ie tulips opening in response to increased temperature
64
What's navigation
Methods organisms use to find their way
65
Name 4 types of navigation
Solar ( sun )
Stella ( star maps)
Magnetic
Ocean currents
66
What is negative tropism
Plant grows away from a stimulus
67
What are nocturnal animals
Animals that are active at night
68
What is parasitism
A form of exploitation where 1 species lives on another to obtain food (+,-)
69
What's a period of activity
Time from the start of activity until the start of activity again ( length of a rhythm and time it takes to repeat )
70
What's a phase shift
When light/dark is altered , the phase shift is the amount by which the period alters ( onset of a period of rhythm is changed to earlier or later )
71
What's photoperiodism
The response of an organism to changes in day(?? NIGHT NEED CHECK ) length ( photoperiod)
72
What is dominance hierarchy
Ranked order of organism in population from most dominant to most submissive.Also known as linear hierarchy
73
What usually triggers migration
Lower temperatures resulting in. less food and often triggered by shorter day length )
74
what is another name for linear hierarchy
Dominance hierarchy
75
What is phototaxis
DIRECTIONAL movement ANIMAL in response to light - eg certain algae detect light using sensitive eyespot and move to regions of higher light to enhance photosynthesis )
76
What is phototropism
DIRECTIONAL growth PLANT organs I response to light - shoots usually grow unto light
77
What is phytochrome
Pigment that exists in 2 forms Pr and Pfr controls the photoperiodic response -
in day Pr---> Pfr ( so lots Pfr - long day flowers flower
In night Pfr---> Pr ( lots Pr - so short day flowers flower)
78
What type of plants flower in high concentrations Pfr
long day plants ( memory tip Pfr longer than Pr ) so long day plants when lots Pfr )
79
What type of plants flower in high concentrations Pr
short day plants memory tip Pr longer than Pfr ) so short day plants when lots Pr )
80
What is the pineal gland
Small pea shaped gland in brain that acts as timekeeper )
81
What is predation
A form of exploitation where 1 animal hunts ( predator ) another animal ( Prey ) for food
82
What is the R strategy
Reproductive strategy where parents use energy to produce lots young but give no parental care to young ( lots of the young die early ) ( clue-to remember rough (R )parents so not" care"for young )
83
What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Cells in the brain that sleep track of day and night length
84
What are short day plants
Plants which flowering is induced or enhanced by short days ( long nights ) , usually less than 12hr of daylight
85
What is taxes
DIRECTIONAL movement of ANIMALS toward ( +) or away( -) in response to an external stimuli
86
What is territory
Area which an organism or group of organisms USE and ACTIVELY DEFEND
87
What is thigmotropism
Growth of a aerial plant in response to a localised physical contact ( eg bean tendrils twinge around a support pole)
88
What is tropism
DIRECTIONAL growth Plant toward ( + ) or away (-) from a external stimulus
89
What is Zeitgeber
external Environmental cue that sets the biological clock ( eg onset of daylight )
90
What is orthokinesis
Orientation response in which the strength of the stimulus determines the rate of linear movement
91
What is klinotaxis
Taxis in which orientation depends on receptors alternately comparing the INTENSITY of the stimulus as the body moves from side to side
92
What is antibiosis
Inhibition of bacterial growth by production of growth-inhibiting substances ( antibiotics ) by fungi
93
What is klinokinesis
Orientation response in which strength of the stimulus determines the rate of turning
94
What is diurnal mean
Active during daylight
95
What is the sun compass
A biological clock that enables a migrating bird or insect to fly using the sun and continuously adjusting its angle to the sun while flying
96
What is intraspecific competition
individuals of the same species , who have similar needs ,compete for scarce resources
97
Name 5 resources that intraspecies competition compete for
Mates
Nesting sites
Breeding territories
Food
Space
98
How can intraspecific competition be seen in plant populations
decrease growth rate with increasing density
99
How can intraspecific competition be seen in animal populations
decreased reproduction rate with increasing density
( either decreased birth rate ( natality ) or increased death rate ( mortality )
100
do animals need to prepare for migration
yes
101
does migration involve risk to individuals
yes - may not have enough fat etc is die , wind pushes off course and kills them ec
102
what must occur for long distance migration to evolve
Advantages /benefits must outweigh disadvantages /costs-- migration offers greater reproductive success cf non migration
103
To home successfully what 2 things does an animal require
navigation skills and to navigate need internal clock
104
To migrate what does an animal require
navigation skills and internal clock
105
is migration innate or learnt
Innate - adults not teach however experience over years improves success rate
106
how can animals prepare for migration
lay fat down for energy
new features etc
107
name 5 tools for navigation
landmarks
solar
stellar
magnetic fields
chemical scents
sonar
108
are free running periods typically 24hrs
no
109
if a free running period is greater than 24hrs what occurs to onset activity
Occurs later each day
110
if a free running period is less than 24hrs what occurs to onset activity
Occurs earlier each day
111
What are exogenous patterns of activity
Determined by external factors ie photosynthesis ( can only occur If enough light)
112
When a constant condition cease due to introduction of a zeitgeber ( eg. onset of light ) what happens to an organisms activity
The organisms activity will Phase shift (activity will change to time each day until coincides with new zeitegeber )
113
How is internal clock trained in humans
Daylight sensed by eyes - goes to the SCN in hypothalamus---(clock site ) -- stimulates/inhibits melatonin production in pineal gland -(day inhibits production promoting wake)
114
What is the thought free running period of human internal clock and what's this mean
24.5 hrs so needs constantly reset by zeitegeber of light/dark cycle
115
What's adaptive advantage of activity controlled by environmental cues entraining a biological clock
Allows organism anticipate /predict onset of favourable conditions and prepare activities ie migration so SYNCHRONISING to favourable conditions and INC. survivable and reproduction
116
Are herbivores predators
No
117
Do plants exploit herbivores
Can to get pollinated
118
What has co=evolution allowed to be evolved between species
Partnerships which both species benefit
