interpreting the table (MUST MEMORISE) Flashcards
Interpreting p values?
Interpreting p-values or statistical significance:
“The p-value for [variable/association] is [p-value], which indicates [statistical significance/no significance] at the [0.05] level.”
“A p-value less than 0.05 for [variable] suggests that the association is statistically significant, implying that [describe the implication of the result].”
“The confidence interval of [range] suggests that the true value of [statistic] could fall between [lower bound] and [upper bound], indicating [certainty/uncertainty] in the estimate.”
Describing confidence intervals?
The confidence interval of [variable] is [CI range], which means we can be [X]% confident that the true value lies within this range.”
“The wide confidence interval suggests there is a high level of uncertainty around the estimate, which may impact the reliability of the results.”
when interpreting logistic regression/odds ratios
“The logistic regression model showed that [independent variable] was significantly associated with the likelihood of [binary outcome], with an odds ratio of [OR value].”
“A p-value less than 0.05 indicates that the variable is significantly associated with the outcome.”
“The odds ratio of [X] suggests that [X] is [OR value] times more likely to occur in the [group with higher odds] compared to the [group with lower odds].”
when interpreting hazard ratios
Definition: Hazard ratios are similar to odds ratios but are used in time-to-event (survival) analyses, like Kaplan-Meier or Cox regression. A HR compares the rate at which an event happens in one group to the rate in another group.
How to Interpret:
“The hazard ratio of [X] indicates that the rate of [event] occurring in the [group of interest] is [HR value] times that of the [reference group].”
“A hazard ratio greater than 1 indicates a higher rate of the event in the group of interest, while a value less than 1 indicates a lower rate.”
Example:
“The hazard ratio of 2.3 for extrathyroidal tumor extension indicates that patients with extrathyroidal extension experience recurrence at a rate 2.3 times higher than those without.”
when interpreting multi vs univariate
How to Interpret:
“The univariate analysis showed that [variable] was significantly associated with [outcome], but when controlling for other variables in the multivariate analysis, this relationship [remained/was no longer] significant.”
“The multivariate analysis controls for confounding factors such as [confounders], providing a more accurate estimate of the association between [variable] and [outcome].”
Example:
“In the univariate analysis, age was significantly associated with recurrence (p = 0.03), but after adjusting for tumor size and lymph node involvement in the multivariate model, this relationship was no longer significant (p = 0.09).”
when interpreting linear regression
. Linear Regression:
Definition: Linear regression assesses the relationship between one continuous independent variable and a continuous dependent variable.
How to Interpret:
“The linear regression analysis showed that for every unit increase in [independent variable], [dependent variable] increased by [regression coefficient].”
“A significant p-value (p < 0.05) indicates that the independent variable has a statistically significant relationship with the dependent variable.”
Example:
“The linear regression analysis indicated that for every 1 cm increase in tumor size, the recurrence score increased by 0.5 points (β = 0.5, p = 0.02).”
absolute ratio
Absolute risk refers to the actual probability or risk of an event happening in a particular group. It is typically expressed as a percentage or proportion.
How to Interpret:
“The absolute risk of [outcome] in the [group] was [X]%, meaning that [X] percent of the [group] experienced [outcome].”
“The absolute risk gives the direct likelihood of [event] occurring in the population under study, which can help in understanding the real-world probability of the event.”
Example:
“The absolute risk of recurrence in patients with extrathyroidal extension was 15%, meaning that 15% of these patients experienced recurrence.”
risk ratio
Risk Ratios (Relative Risk, RR):
Definition: The risk ratio (or relative risk) compares the probability of an event occurring in the exposed group (or treatment group) to the probability of it occurring in the unexposed group (or control group).
How to Interpret:
“The risk ratio of [X] indicates that [exposed group] has [RR value] times the risk of [outcome] compared to the [non-exposed group].”
“A risk ratio greater than 1 indicates that the exposed group has a higher risk of the outcome, while a risk ratio less than 1 indicates a lower risk in the exposed group.”
Example:
“The risk ratio of 2.5 for patients with extrathyroidal extension suggests that these patients have 2.5 times the risk of recurrence compared to those without extrathyroidal extension.”
