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Clinical Pod Med Exam 1 > Interpreting Lab Tests > Flashcards

Interpreting Lab Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What are some reasons for elevated Hb?

A

dehydration
severe lung disease
heavy smoking

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2
Q

what are some reasons for Hb to fall below normal?

A
  • iron, B12, or folate deficiency
  • cirrhosis
  • kidney disease
  • bleeding
  • cancers that affect the bone marrow
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3
Q

what are some causes for elevated WBC count?

A 
bacterial infections
trauma
intense exercise
stress
heavy smoking
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4
Q

what are some causes for decreased WBC count?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation therapy
  • diseases of the immune system
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5
Q

what are neutrophils for?

A

fight bacterial infection

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6
Q

what are lymphocytes for?

A

T-cells: attack and kill germs/ regulate immune system

B-cells: make ab

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7
Q

what are monocytes or macrophages for?

A

fight infections

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8
Q

what are eosinophils for?

A

involved in allergies and reactions to parasites

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9
Q

what are basophils for?

A

long term allergic response? not well understood.

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10
Q

what drugs may increase WBC count?

A

aspirin

heparin

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11
Q

what are drugs that may decrease WBC count?

A

chemotherapy drugs

diuretics

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12
Q

BMP includes what values?

A
  1. electrolytes: Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2
  2. glucose
  3. Ca2+
  4. BUN
  5. creatinine
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13
Q

what causes hypernatremia (increased Na+)?

A

dehydration, renal failure, cardiac failure

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14
Q

what can cause hyponatremia?

A

vomiting, diarrhea

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15
Q

if BUN is elevated but creatinine is normal, what is the most common reason for this occurence?

A

dehydration

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16
Q

what is the difference btwn BMP and a CMP?

A

CMP is basically a BMP plus a liver profile (liver enzymes and albumin)

17
Q

what is albumin a marker for?

A

overall general nutrition which is important for healing

18
Q

what level of albumin and lymphocytes can be used as a predictor of healing in diabetic patients?

A

albumin difficulty healing

albumin >3 & lymphocytes > 1500/mm3 –> healing chances increase

19
Q

which test is administered when administering heparin?

A

PTT (partial thromboplastin time)

20
Q

which test(s) is administered with warfarin administration?

A

PT and INR

21
Q

what does a prolonged or increased PT/PTT mean?

A

blood is taking too long to form a clot

22
Q

which pathway does PT affect?

A

extrinsic pathway

23
Q

which pathway does PTT affect?

A

intrinsic pathway

24
Q

what is the therapeutic level of INR to decrease risk of clot formation?

A

INR 2-3

25
Q

when is ESR used?

A

measures inflammation; used as a baseline for a patient with a suspected infection

26
Q

what is the timescale for an ESR?

A

increase occurs slowly over 10-14 days and decreases slowly

27
Q

what is the cutoff point for an ESR that is strongly suggestive of osteomyelitis?

A

> 70

28
Q

what tests should you order if you suspect an infectious process?

A

ESR and CRP

29
Q

what is the timescale for CRP?

A

unlike ESR, it increases rapidly over several days and returns to baseline in a week

30
Q

what is the cutoff point for CRP to indicate osteomyelitis?

A

CRP > 3.2 with an ulcer >3mm in depth suggests osteomyelitis

31
Q

uric acid is not a great tool for acute gout- why?

A

uric acid levels increase typically before patient exhibits clinical symptoms

32
Q

what are the 3 isoenzyme forms of CK?

A

CK-MB: cardiac muscle
CK-MM: skeletal muscle
CK-BB: brain

33
Q

aldolase is increased in skeletal muscle disease.

A

true

34
Q

what does gout crystals look like?

A
  • monosodium urate
  • negatively birefringent
  • long, thin, pointed
35
Q

what does pseudogout crystals look like?

A
  • calcium pyrophosphate
  • positively birefringent
  • shorter, less sharp

Clinical Pod Med Exam 1 (14 decks)

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