Interpreting Flashcards
How Deaf and Hard of Hearing individuals self-identify in today’s society
Deaf deaf Deafblind or deaf blind heard of hearing or hearing impaired dDeaf dDDb (DeafBlind community and their unique culture)
Interpreting at a “Superior” Level
Functioning at a superior level is the competence and understanding of both the SL and TL, including fluency of the languages, communication and cultural norms, the understanding of one’s individuality and life experiences that could affect your performance (positively or negatively), and the commitment to continuous learning.
Common Interpreter Characteristics
- Self-confidence
- Flexibility
- Respectful
- Committed to Lifelong Learning
- Education
- Introversion or Extraversion
- Realistic
Effective cross cultural communication
Requires the understanding of how people from different cultural backgrounds perceive the world around them and how they communicate.
Perception of “The Ugly American” vs Interpreter
“The Ugly American” coined in 1958 was a pejorative term used to refer to perceptions of the arrogant, thoughtless, culturally ignorant and ethnocentric behavior of American citizens visiting abroad (Burdick & Lederer). This term is associated with tourists with limited experience and knowledge of international areas they visit.
Interpreters are expected to be held at a higher standard of that of a “tourist”, and to exhibit advanced language skills with cultural and social knowledge.
Communication norms
Are how people communicate on a daily basis; it is the adherence to informal internalized rules that shape the behaviors and actions of individuals, helping them know how to interact with people inside and outside their cultural group. These Normas help a community create relational bonds and provide boundaries as a means of social control
Tacit culture
Tacit culture can be described as the actions and behaviors that understood or implied without being stated. Though the very actions and behaviors may be visible to everyone, they ate not likely to be understood by outsiders.
E. Hall (1989) explains that this lack of understanding is because, “ ll cultures are blind to other cultures, and especially so towards those within their own midst”(p.298).
Ethnocentrism
Typically, an unconscious belief that one’s own culture as the “norm” or as the “standard” by which we measure what we consider to be “right”. This belief can be a significant obstacle in cross cultural interactions, lacking the kind of empathy required to effectively communicate with people from different cultures and beliefs.
Low-Context culture
The cultural norm of communicating ones thoughts, ideas and information primarily through the words of a language, resulting in expressing oneself in explicit and direct ways: typical of low context cultures.
“calling things as they see them”
dDeaf culture by its very nature appear to be a low context culture, the dDeaf community are very direct and factual “blunt”
High-Context culture
The cultural norm of communicating one’s thoughts, ideas and information using politeness, subtlety, hinting, and nonverbal ford of communication; typical of high context cultures
avoid direct expression of their feelings
address the issue with subtle redirections
dDeaf community considered to be high-context communicators with language
Reflective Practitioner
An interpreter needs to predict, reflect on, and analyze their work of interpreting to identify areas that need to be practiced and improved for future assignments,
Having an open-mind to feedback, critic, and consistently improving your skills snd the decision making process while interpreting is critical for improvement.
Culture
People have their own way of being- ways of greeting people and ways of showing appreciation to another person when they show friendship.
Ghostwriter
dDeaf individuals in the community who were able to facilitate between people who could hear and people who were dDeaf, they would often function as the community interpreter/translator reading documents and translate it into sign language and would often help write a response.
Gatekeeping
This term is the vetting process of dDeaf people used to decide who was allowed or was not allowed to be an interpreter or translator.
Language Broker
This term is used to describe those who provided written, and sometimes spoken, translations. “Language brokers facilitate communication between two linguistically and culturally different parts. Unlike formal interpreters and translators, brokers mediate, rather than merely transmit, information” (Tse, 1996)
Transliterating
This refers to the rendering of spoken language (such as English) and context languages (such as American Sign Language) in a verbatim manner.
“Deaf Way”
relationships of interpreters and dDeaf community members were based on the “Deaf way” of showing reciprocity. The payment that money couldn’t buy would be the welcoming of interpreters into the dDeaf club and having a dDeaf mentor who would informally tutor the interpreter in the “Deaf way”
Importance of dDeaf clubs
a gathering place for “people of the eye” of all ages and all vocations to enjoy one another company with people who shared their “way of being” (culture)
The Core Value Statement of CASLI
states that individuals have the right to interpreting services and the those services should be rendered by persons who demonstrate excellence in ethical conduct, professional behavior and linguistic proficiency.
The first sign language interpreters in North America
Children of dDeaf parents or siblings
Teachers of the Deaf
Members of the clergy
When was Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf founded and why?
What was the going rate for interpreters?
1965
Publishing a registry of interpreters
Investigating evaluation and certification systems
Educating the public about interpreting services
Voluntary and on a as needed basis
CASE & PSE
Conceptually Accurate Signed English & Pidgin Signed English - theses are synonyms for the same method of signing; both combine parts of two languages, thus they do not completely represent the grammar of either one.
They are signing structures that blend ASL signs with English syntax. This includes initialized signs, weak adherence to the grammatical structure of English. The goal of PSE/CASE is to be conceptually accurate but often the signer my not always achieve the goal.
CASLI or CASLI?
Canada - Canadian Association of Sign Language Interpreters
US - Center for the Assessment of Sign Language Interpretation, LLC
Backchanneling
Is when someone shows active participation by using verbal utterances (hmm, right, uh-huh, etc.) or non-verbal responses (sobbing, frowning, smiling, etc.)
Complementary Schismogenesis
This is what happens when people with different social and cultural norms interact using their normal differing patterns of behavior. When this happens and their individual norms are significantly different, there is often a response of “opposing behavior” - resisting or objecting to the other person’s way of interacting socially.
Culture
Is the normal way of life that is practiced among people of an identified group, such norms are: customs, beliefs, taboos, attitudes, and behaviors
Deafcentric
Refers to the semantic intent of specific lexical terms that are different or unique because they relate to the culture or community of Deaf people.
Ingroup Speak
Is encountered when members of any community, group, or organizations terms that have a unique or different meaning compared to those held by society in general.
Interlocutors
Is one of the people involved in a dialogue or conversation
Jargon
Refers to distinctive terminology used within professional circles and when it is used by members of a particular profession, it usually connotes an atypical meaning known specifically by members of that profession. Jargon is challenging because it is unclear to outsiders.
Metamessage
“What is communicated about the relationships - attitudes towards each other, the occasion, and that we are saying “ (Tannen, 1987)
Minority Group
Is often a group of people who are singled out because of their physical, linguistic or cultural characteristics, often because these characteristics are different form those of the dominant group
Register
Refers to the variations of language use based on the “specific social situations, such as advertising, political journalism, shopping, or academic discussion”
Social
Language varies depending on the characteristics of each user, reflecting things such as traits, social standing, ethnicity, age, gender, and the social context that the individual identifies with
Sociolinguistics
Examines the variations observed in how calanguage is used in diverse settings or contexts. Specifically, sociolinguistics considers how factors such as the participants, setting, topic of discussion, purpose of interactions and relationships among the interlocutors influence communication.
