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MBBS Year 2 > Interpreting Data > Flashcards

Interpreting Data Flashcards

1
Q

what is the median?

8,4,2,11,8,3,7

A

7

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2
Q

what is the mode?

8,4,2,11,8,3,7

A

8

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3
Q

what is the mean?

8,4,2,11,8,3,7

A

43/7 = 6.1

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4
Q

how do you calculate the standard deviation?

A

distance from the mean, squared

average squared distance from mean and then square root

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5
Q

what is the standard deviation?

8,4,2,11,8,3,7

A

3

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6
Q

how do you calculate the interquartile range?

A

25th to 75th centile

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7
Q

what is the interquartile range?

8,4,2,11,8,3,7

A

25th centile: 3

75th centile: 8

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8
Q

1, 2, 3, 4, 100

median or mean?

A

median

to avoid the influence of outliers

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9
Q

what is gaussian distribution and what is it determined by?

A

bell shaped curve/ normal distribution

the gaussian distribution is determined only by the mean and standard deviation

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10
Q

what happens to the gaussian distribution when there is an increase/ decrease in mean?

A

the curve shifts to the left if there is a decrease in mean

the curve shifts to the right if there is an increase in mean

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11
Q

what happens to the gaussian distribution when there is an increase/ decrease in standard deviation?

A

a decrease in standard deviation causes the curve to become narrow and taller
an increase in standard deviation causes the curve to become shorter and wider

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12
Q

what does 1 SD either side of the mean equal?

A

68%

the rest outlying equals to 16%

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13
Q

what does 1.64 SD either side of the mean equal to?

A

90%

the rest outlying equals to 5%

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14
Q

what does 1.96 SD either side of the mean equal to?

A

95%

the rest outlying equals 2.5%

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15
Q

How do you calculate the 95% range?

A

mean +/- 1.96 x standard deviation

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16
Q

How do you calculate the 90% range?

A

mean +/- 1.64 x standard deviation

17
Q

How do you calculate the 99% range?

A

mean +/- 2.58 x standard deviation

18
Q

what is the standard error?

A

this is the stander deviation of the means from all potential samples of the same size

19
Q

how do you calculate the standard error?

A

standard deviation / square root of the sample size

20
Q

what is the 95% confidence interval?

A

the 95% confidence interval of a sample mean contains the population mean with a probability of 95%
95% sure that the population mean is between that interval

21
Q

how do you calculate the 95% confidence interval?

A

mean +/- 1.96 x standard error

22
Q

what is the difference between standard deviation and standard error?

A

use standard deviation for the range

use standard error for confidence intervals

23
Q

does an increase in sample size affect the range or confidence interval?

A

confidence interval

sample size is used to calculate the standard error

24
Q

what does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?

A

there is no pattern

25
Q

what does a correlation coefficient of 1 indicate?

A

straight line

26
Q

what does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?

A

straight line

but for a high value for x there’s a low value for y (vice versa)

27
Q

what is linear regression?

A

the linear regression line has an equation
y = a + bx
y os the outcome variable.
x is te predictor variable.
a is the y intercept.
b is how steep the slope is. change in y variable divided by change in x variable.

28
Q

what is a p value for a result?

A

the probability of observing a result as or more extreme than the sample result if the underlying assumption in the population is true

29
Q

what does a p value < 0.05 indicate?

A

statistical significane

probably not a chance effect

30
Q

what a p value > 0.05 indicate?

A

not statistically significant

cannot rule out chance effect

31
Q

when can p values be calculated?

A

when there is a comparison
comparing the means of 2 groups
association: are the observed results different from those expected
regression

32
Q

what test uses p values?

A

chi-squared test

produce test statistics which can be interpreted using p-values.

33
Q

what is the relationship between p values and confidence intervals?

A

they are consistent

if the 95% confidence interval for a difference in means does not include 0, then p<0.01

34
Q

what test is used to compare the means?

A

two sample t-test

35
Q

what does statistical significance mean?

A

the probability that an effect is not due to just chance alone

MBBS Year 2 (11 decks)

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